Comparative Evaluation On Surface Quality Of Gfrp Composites

Figure ‎3 13 : A photo and SEM micrographs of flank face; (a) a photo of flank face and tool wear region (b) SEM micrograph of flank face; a micro fracture is shown (c) highly magnified flank face shows some holes and scratches probably caused by TiC particles and a smooth adhered layer which has covered the scratches and grooves. It can be seen that the sharp cutting edge of an unused tool has been chamfered after 1 second of machining and has left a sheared surface at the wear land.

In order to accomplish this objective, weight assigned are W1= -0.1, W2=0.25 and W3=0.65. As in Table 5 and in Fig. 3, the optimal machining parameters predicted using SA are work speed (Vw= 51.15 m/min), feed rate (f = 16.30 mm/min) and depth of cut (d = 0.01 mm) for a minimum surface roughness of 0.476µm. For these parameters the roundness is found to be 0.028mm with a material removal rate of 20.34mm3/min.

Fiber-reinforced composite consisting of multiple layers of material is called laminate. Each layer is thin and may have a different fiber orientation. Two laminates may have the same number of layers and the same fiber angles but the two laminates may be different because of the arrangement of the layers. Figure 18 shows a global Cartesian coordinate system and a general laminate consisting of N layers. The laminate thickness is denoted by h and the thickness of a kth layer is hk thickness coordinate, designated z, is located at the laminate geometric mid-plane. The geometric mid- plane may be within a particular layer or at an interface between layers.

Especially for large volume the production speed in additive manufacturing does not allow an economical usageof this technology. Therefore, the inclusion of additive processes into the production chain of conventional manufacturing is part of the recent research, which concludes hybrid processes. The additive manufacturing is a sequenced method the combined processes should be repeatable in sequences as well. The most obvious combination is the additive manufacturing process with a subtractive process liNe milling. Both technologies require a 5Yaxis machine for a full three dimensional processing. Akula [10] integrated a machine for Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) into a CNC milling system. For the final hybrid process a deposited layer is milled planar before the next layer gets deposited. Eleven to nearYnet shape is achieved, the required profile is milled to complete the

Abstract. Machining of hard and brittle materials like borosilicate glass has imposed challenges due to its low machinability. Among various non-traditional machining methods electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM) or spark assisted chemical engraving

There are various process performed by the machine tool such as cutting, boring, grinding, shearing etc.

From the analysis report of Response Surface Regression Fig. 6.1 & Fig. 6.2 it can be seen that tool rotational speed has greater influence on both Ultimate Tensile Strength and Weld Nugget Hardness compared to other parameters.

Milling is a vital process used in the industry to make and assembling the components. The extensive and expensive experimental work is necessary to determine the optimal of machining process parameters for obtaining the desired machined quality. In this regard, the present work is focused on the relationship between the input process parameters and machined surface integrity for minimizing the machined damage. Moreover, the paper presents the comparative analysis and performance of two different mill tools such as a specially designed carbide tipped tool and a solid carbide tool. Subsequently, comparing the evaluation of two tools was illustrated by plotting origin graphs. Finally, experimental results were thoroughly analyzed by SEM to investigate the cutting characteristics of machined laminates.

Ezugwu and Wang (1997) presented a review on the main problems associated with titanium machining, including tool wear and the mechanism responsible for tool failure. They suggest that uncoated carbides (WC/Co) cutting tools are better than most coated cutting tools for machining a titanium alloy. The high chemical reactivity of titanium causes welding of work-piece material on the cutting tool during machining, leading to chipping and premature tool failure. The prominent failure modes in titanium machining were: notching, flank wear, crater wear, chipping, and catastrophic failure. Different tool materials have different response to different wear mechanism. Crater wear is closely related to the chemical composition of the cutting tool. The conclusions presented by this researcher, they suggest that dissolution-diffusion wear dominates on the rake and flank face for uncoated cemented carbides used for the turning of titanium alloys. At very high cutting speeds and temperatures, the conclusion is that plastic deformation and development of cracks due to thermal shock will be the dominating wear mechanisms. Change of feed rate, depth of cut or cutting speed give changes in the wear rates. They also suggest that cutting fluids have to be used during titanium machining to minimize high stresses and temperatures. The cutting fluid has to work both as coolant and lubricating agent to lower the cutting forces and avoid chip welding, which is a phenomenon often experienced during

Metalworking is one of the oldest occupations of humankind. At the beginning of last century metalworking machine tools were invented and these were controlled by an operator who performed all the movements of the tool in order to obtain the final parts. Nowadays, metalworking using machine tools is one of the most important activities to support industries development and the most important of these industries is the automotive industry.

The accuracy of CNC machines is mainly determined by a similar positioning resolution along all three orthogonal axes and by the diameter of the rotary cutting tools. There are factors that

Upcoming Chapters Metal Removal Cutting-Tool Materials Metal Removal Methods Machinability of Metals Single Point Machining Turning Tools and Operations Turning Methods and Machines Grooving and Threading Shaping and Planing Hole Making Processes Drills and Drilling Operations Drilling Methods and Machines Boring Operations and Machines Reaming and Tapping Multi Point Machining Milling Cutters and Operations Milling Methods and Machines Broaches and Broaching Saws and Sawing Abrasive Processes Grinding Wheels and Operations Grinding Methods and Machines Lapping and Honing

We offer two kinds of materials namely plastic and metal. When you prefer plastic materials, we will give you options to choose among and our options include ABS, PC, POM, PP, PMMA, PBT, PTFE, Nylon, GF Nylon, PEEK and PVC. As you expect our metal materials, we offer more kinds of metal materials such as Aluminum, Zinc, Magnesium, Brass, Copper, Bronze, Mild Steel, Stainless Steel, Tool Steel, Tungsten and Titanium. We proved our reputation through our excellent standards in milling services such as CNC milling, 3D milling, manual prototype milling and 4th axis machining centers. We offer guarantee with complete accuracy with tool. The best tolerance of our CNC metal products is more than equal to 0.01 mm and for

CNC Vertical End Milling Machining is a widely accepted material removal process used to manufacture components with complicated shapes and profiles. During the End milling process, the material is removed by the end mill cutter. The quality of the surface plays a very important role in the performance of milling as a good-quality milled surface significantly improves fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, or creep life. The surface generated during milling is affected by different factors such as vibration, spindle run–out, temperature, tool geometry, feed, cross-feed, tool path and other parameters. During finish milling, the depth of cut is small. The most important interactions, that effect surface roughness of machined surfaces, are between the cutting feed and depth of cut, and between cutting feed and spindle speed. Surface Roughness is affected negatively if the applied force is increased. Surface roughness at the same feed rate becomes higher when a small nose radius is used. Technological parameter range plays a very important role on surface roughness. There is a need of a tool that should allow the evaluation of the surface roughness before the machining of the part and which, at the same time, can easily be used in the production-floor environment contributing to the minimization of

Recent years, high modulus and high strength was the main concern of the development of advance performance of the composite materials. High strength is not only the objective but also the performance of the material along with ability