Compare And Contrast Between The Crystal Structures

After each of the solids were completely dry, each was placed into a MelTemp device. The temperature at which each solid began to melt and completed melting was recorded.

9. Select one of the following terms to describe the crystal shape, or habit, or each specimen shown in Figure 1.8 (p. 6 lab book): cubic crystals, hexagonal crystals, fibrous habit, banded habit, blocky habit, bladed habit, tabular habit.

Depending on the metal, it will bond to DMSO through its oxygen or sulfur atom. This

Discussion: As seen in the melting point determination, the average melting point range of the product was 172.2-185.3ºC. The melting points of the possible products are listed as 101ºC for o-methoxybenzoic acid, 110ºC for m- methoxybenzoic acid, and 185ºC for p- methoxybenzoic acid. As the melting point of the sample

This experiment is conducted in order to study a condensed system (solid-liquid) at constant temperature (atmospheric temperature). It should be noted that the atmospheric pressure is unlikely to be the equilibrium pressure for the system. However, equilibria in condensed systems are not very sensitive to pressure.

The ChemMagic software program was used for this experiment. The compounds were tested one at a time. First was the compound butane. The draw tab was chosen on the program. Butane was then drawn in the program and the model was loaded. A 3D butane compound was projected on the screen and the optimize tab was selected. Next, the rotate bond tab was selected so that the C2-C3 bond would rotate. After the bond was selected, the bonds were then moved to rotate in intervals of 10 starting with 0 degrees. After the bond was rotated in the desired increment, the energy tab was selected and the angle and energy level was then recorded. These steps were followed for every compound each being rotated in intervals of 10 until 360 degrees was reached.

Reaction two should result in disodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) with a formula weight of 141.96 g/mol and reaction three should achieve monosodium phosphate (NaH2PO4) with a formula weight of 119.98 g/mol.

Of the two flip forms of the trans-1-chloro-3-ethylcyclohexane, form B is more stable. Form B is more stable than Form A because the big chlorine substituants on the cyclohexane ring gets to be in an equitorial position. In Form A, the big chlorine has to be in an axial position. Substituants in the equitorial position are more stable because there is less steric strain, or repulsion between the electron clouds of atoms or groups, compared to being in an axial position, where the group bumps into other groups three carbons away, making 1,3-diaxial interactions. Between the two substituants, chlorine and ethyl, the chloro group has more steric strain. The other two types of strain present in molecules are angle strain, which occurs when bond

Phosphorus, symbolized by “P”, is a group five element of the Nitrogen family. Phosphorus has the atomic number 15, means that it has 15 protons and 15 electrons. The name “phosphorus” is resultant of the Greek word “phosphoros”, meaning light bearing. With regard to location and classification, Phosphorus is a non-metal located in the “p” block of the periodic table, found in the third period and the 15th group. Concerning its properties, Phosphorus is a solid at room temperature and can be found in several forms, most commonly as white phosphorus or red phosphorus however, as a result of its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found exclusively. As Phosphorus is a non-metal, it follows the trend of most non-metals whereby it is dull in appearance,

Phosphates PO4-3 are formed from this element. Phosphates exist in three forms: orthophosphate, metaphosphate (or polyphosphate) and organically bound phosphate each compound contains phosphorous in a different chemical arrangement. These forms of phosphate occur in living and decaying plant and animal remains, as free ions or weakly chemically bounded in aqueous systems, chemically bonded to sediments and soils, or as mineralized compounds in soil, rocks, and

A schematic diagram of two-dimensional Figure. 1. The left and right walls are maintained at different constant temperatures while upper and bottom walls are thermally insulated, the left wall (cold) is moving up while right wall (hot) is fixed.

extremely difficult to measure the degree at which this can be achieved therefore resulting in the

Unlike pressure, temperature is a simple variable to alter. This is why it is preferred when analyzing controlled reaction rates, such as heat transfer. An increase in temperature causes certain materials, commonly salts, to decompose, controlling the free energy that is released. Salts, which are unstable at high temperatures, are ideal subjects for thermal analysis. For example, when CaCO3 decomposes into CaO and CO2, the nucleation of CaO causes a “decrease in temperature [that] represents the endothermic heat absorbed by the reaction.” The decomposition of a material is affected by various factors, such as the pressure exerted on the material while it is heated, the amount of time the material is exposed to heat, and the rate of heat transfer. (Kingery).

There is a decrease in T so let’s examine the effects of sign of temperature coefficients,

The phosphorus is using only three of its outer electrons (the 3 unpaired p electrons) to form bonds with the oxygens.