Compare And Contrast Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning which occurs when two stimuli are paired together repetitively and therefore become associated with each other eventually producing the same response. Classical conditioning was developed from the findings of Ivan Pavlov to account for associations between neutral stimuli and reflexive behavior such as salivation. Pavlov (1927) accidently discovered that dogs began to salivate before they had tasted their food. To support his theory, he carried out experiments using dogs which involved measuring the amount of saliva they produced. In his experiments, food started off as an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) which produced salivation, an unconditioned response (UCR). They are both unconditioned as they occur naturally without being learned. The dogs were presented with a bell (NS), this provided no salivation. The bell and food were presented together and after many trails an

Classical and operant conditioning are two important concepts central to behavioral psychology. While both result in learning, the processes are quite different. In order to understand how each of these behavior modification techniques can be used, it is also essential to understand how classical conditioning and operant conditioning differ from one another. Both classical and operant learning are psychological processes that lead to learning. Here learning refers to the process by which changes in behavior, including actions, emotions, thoughts, and the responses of muscles and glands,

“Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus”.

Explain the initial pairing of the banging bar and the rat in terms of learning through classical conditioning.

In 1903 a Russian physiologist by the name of Ivan Pavlov first developed an experiential model of learning called Classical Conditioning (Lautenheiser 1999). An example if Classical Conditioning would be ringing a bell when it is time for your pet to eat. The pet hears the bell and over time is conditioned that when the bell rings its dinner time thus begins to salivate, and eventually learns to be conditioned to responding to the bell in a specific manner. The bases was that neutral stimulus would be put together with an excitatory one and over time the neutral stimulus would, at some point down the line elicit the response that was associated with the original unlearned response. Pavlov later added an element known as the nonexcitatory, conditioned stimulus which is but together with an unconditioned stimulus (Lautenheiser 1999).

Ivan Pavlov developed a theory called classical conditioning which proposes that learning process occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex like associating the food with the bell in Pavlov experiment. In classical conditioning, behavior is learnt by association where a stimulus that was originally neutral can become a trigger for substance use or cravings due to repeated associations between those stimuli and substance use (Pavlov, 1927).

Although classical conditioning is something that most people experience in a daily basis, it may also be the first thing someone remembers in a day. According to Olson and Hergenhahn (2009) classical conditioning is defined as a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. In this paper the subject is to describe the theory of classical conditioning as well as describing a scenario in which one could apply classical conditioning theory to, and bring forth the scenario by showing illustrations of how this could be used

Classical conditioning is the theory that involves a subject learning a new behavior by the process of association. A naturally occuring stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) is paired with a response (the unconditioned response). Then, a neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) is paired with the unconditioned stimulus and eventually the conditioned stimulus produces the initial response of the unconditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus being present. The response, therefore, becomes the conditioned response. This study had a major influence on the psychological study of behaviorism. “Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment” (Cherry 1). Classical conditioning

Classical (or Respondent) Conditioning supports the idea that we develop responses to certain stimuli that do not naturally occur. For example, when someone touches a hot stove, their reflex is to pull their hand away. They do this instinctually, and there is no learning involved. These responses are simply examples of survival instincts. However, Ivan Pavlov discovered that humans make certain associations which cause us to generalize our response to one stimuli, and then to associate it with a neutral stimulus that it is paired with.

Learning can happen in numerous ways, but all fall under the category of being either classical conditioning or operant conditioning when we are dealing with Psychology terms. These two habituation methods are very comparable in nature, but do possess very specific distinctions in their differences. The major difference between classical and operant conditioning is the type of behaviors being conditioned. Classical is focused more on reflex and automatic actions whereas operant deals more with voluntary actions. Classical and operant conditioning are also different in the way they are taught. Classical conditioning involves introducing the subject to a neutral signal before reaction. Classical conditioning has four basic principles

In this journal log, I will be explaining 3 theories which are known as Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Observational Learning. The first theory I will be elaborating on is “Classical Conditioning” (Weiten, 2017). This theory suggests that anyone is able to subconsciously learn to react physically to a neutral stimulus, something that originally does not elicit a certain reaction from them, by linking it to certain behaviours, events or stimuli. In classical conditioning, there is the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus and conditioned response (Weiten, 2017).

Classical conditioning says that we learn behaviours by associating the response to the stimulus. An example of this can be found from the work of Ivan Pavlov. In the 1890s Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, carried out some experiments with a dogs. He noticed that when a dog eats food, they salivate: this is an unconditional response to an

If you were to pull a random individual off the street and ask them to tell you about Pavlov and his dogs, there is a fair chance he or she would be able to give you, at the very least, a basic explanation of how the canines learned to salivate at the sound of a bell. Ivan Pavlov’s experiment has found its way into the cultural lexicon and is often referenced, but those outside of the field of psychology probably are not as familiar with the technical term assigned to Pavlov’s method: classical conditioning. This basic learning method has become very important to the study of behaviorism and learning processes, laying the groundwork for more complex studies in the years since Pavlov’s initial discovery.

Classical conditioning was stumbled upon by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov. His unexpected discovery led him to win a rightfully earned Noble Prize. Classical conditioning is defined as “a form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new stimuli (Coon & Mitterer, 2016, p. 201).” This form of learning is also called Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning. He found a connection between the stimuli for his dogs’ salivation during his experiment. To begin explaining classical conditioning, it is best to explain how Pavlov conducted his research. He began his experiment by ringing a bell, which was a neutral stimulus (NS) for his dogs. A neutral stimulus is defined as “a stimulus that does not evoke a response (Coon & Mitterer, 2016, p. 201).” Directly after, he put meat

Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning is the process through which a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes connected with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that elicit certain response naturally. As a result, an initially neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that can induce a response individually and independently from an unconditioned stimulus. Pavlov discovered the classical conditioning by observing the dog's salivation as the response to the stimuli it was presented with. In the experiment when the dog was presented with food (UCS) it would naturally salivate. At this stage, salivation is an unconditioned response (UCR) - an automatic, biologically built-in reflex. Pavlov noted that after a dog had been repeatedly presented with food (UCS) paired with the sound of the bell (NS), it would later begin to salivate presented only with the sound of the bell. Thus conditioning has taken place - the salivation has become a conditioned response associated with the sound of the bell which has become a conditioned stimulus. However, if the dog is frequently presented only with the sound of the bell, it produces less and less saliva and eventually stops salivating altogether. This phenomenon is known as extinction. Nonetheless, after a pause in the experimental situation, the spontaneous recovery can occur - the salivation can suddenly reappear in response to a conditioned stimulus.