Compare The Viability And Cytotoxicity In Cells

This test is used to detect if the bacteria contains any deoxyribonuclease activity. Because no color change was observed from blue to clear my unknown bacteria displayed a negative result.

The stain allows us to look at the cell morphology and observe it properly in the microscope. DNA is negatively charged because of phosphate so when the positively-charged methylene blue is added, then the charges attract and stains the DNA, allowing us to see the cell.

The objective of the subacute toxicity test is to determine toxicity after repeated administration of the tested material. It helps to establish doses for sub-chronic studies. The duration of Sub- Acute Toxicity test is 14 to 90 days. The test system uses 2 species that may contain mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs. The dose administration contains 3-4 doses given by the same routes as the previous toxicity. The routes commonly used are Oral, dermal or intravenous. The parameter considered are mortality, weight change, signs of toxicity, clinical pathology, pathology and histology. The sub- acute toxicity test uses laboratory strains of young healthy adult rats. The study is performed at 4 different dose levels. The test compounds are administrated on route

Annexing V FITIC/PI was used to detect for the involvement of apoptosis based upon externalization of phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) and permeabilization of nuclear membrane for staining with PI. PS is a biomarker of early apoptotic stage, Annexin V has specific and high affinity for the anionic PS, when PS is exposed on cell surface Annexing V binds to it. PS indicates intermediate stages of apoptosis. Caspases-3 activation, nuclear fragmentation and mitochondrial membrane flux preceded PS translocation [46]. From Fig.5 sonicated pectin induced dose apoptosis and reduced proportion of viable cells. The 400W sonicated pectin was more potent apoptosis inducer than 200W sonicated pectin. control cells had 89.29% viable cells 3.14% early apoptotic cells and 6.50% late apoptosis, 400W sonicated pectin at 0.1 and 0.5mg/ml induced significant reduction in viable cells to 70.90%, early apoptotic cells were 4.84% and late apoptosis 14.94% in the cells as shown in Fig.5b, on the other hand, 0.5mg/ml led to 50.79% viable cells, 22.65 %early apoptotic cells and 19.56% late apoptotic cells as shown in Fig.

HMECs and MDA-MV-231 cells will be plated 1 x 103 cells/well in 96-well plates and cultured overnight (16-18 h). On the following day, test compounds will be diluted in growth medium to the desired final concentration and then added to the cells. After 3-4 days of incubation, CellTiter-Gloc Reagent will be added and mixed. The plates will then be incubated for 10 minutes to stabilize the luminescent signal then read on a luminometer plate reader at 560 nm. GI50 values can be determined from semilog plots of percent of control versus concentration (14, 36). The normal HMBCs will serve as a control cell line to gauge the effect of the compounds in normal tissue. This homogenous assay “add-mix-measure” format results in cell lysis and generation

The cells usually are put into a special liquid and sent to a laboratory for testing:

“A few hundred human cells grown in a test tube go into each well. Then, guided by a computer, the testing machine drips a different chemical into each well. After a while, the machine shines a laser through each well to see how many cells remain. A computer analyzes the toxicity of each compound based on how the cells react” (Weise).

The Bradford and Lowry assay are two color changing proteins with similar processes. Color changes of the solution can be measured using a device called a spectrometer. In lab, the two assays can be used to determine the amount of protein in a solution. This can be done in an experiment by reacting a specific reagent with amino acids or peptide bonds present in the proteins. This produces a color change in the solution depending on the amount of peptide or amino acid reactions with the reagents.

Similar to pharmacological data, toxicological data on synthetic cathinones is limited. Toxicological analyses are done to better understand the nature and effects of these drugs in the body. Along with determination of adverse and favorable symptoms in the body, toxicology deals with the detection methodology of these substances in biological matrices. These matrices are most commonly blood or urine, though some studies have utilized hair in the detection of synthetic cathinones.

Chemical-induced organ and tissue toxicity is a worldwide health concern. Liver toxicity, because of the primary role of the liver in the metabolism, detoxification, and elimination of xenobiotics, caused by the exposure to the growing number of chemical toxicants in the form of agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical products and food components, additives, and contaminants is the most common organ injury [1-3]. Toxicant-associated liver injury has been associated with a broad spectrum of liver pathologies ranging from acute necrosis to several types of chronic pathological states, including simple hepatic steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), toxic liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis [1,3]. Furthermore, some toxicants may act as carcinogens causing the development of cancer not only in the liver, but in other human organs and tissues as well [4,5]. This indicates that detecting, evaluating, and predicting the potential human risk posed by chemicals continues to remain of great importance.

In the context of exposure to vesicating agents; however, apoptosis results in mass cell death due to the high concentration of damaged cells resulting from exposure to the compound in question.9 The nature of the damage wrought by this family of agents leads to their consideration as non-lethal in low concentrations. Additionally, disfiguring effects are not immediately apparent, and may take as long as 12 hours to manifest after exposure.5, 11 The comparatively large gap between exposure to and presentation of symptoms from vesicants facilitates exposure of duration sufficient for lethality due to the absence of color and odor from most chemicals in this

Samples are collected for the following analysis: haematology, clinical biochemistry, toxico-kinetics, and histology. The haematology and clinical biochemistry analysis are conducted in the Toxicology Laboratory at the University of Queensland, while the

The purpose of the G1 phase is so the cell can grow, increase size, and create proteins and organelles, being able to take up to a total of 11 hours. During the G1 phase of a normal cell, the p53 gene monitors and destroys any cells with damaged DNA. In a cancer cell, the p53 is most likely to have a mutation in the p53 gene which results in the having damaged DNA not being destroyed. Even with those differences, some similarities is that both type of cells grow and increase size in the G1 phase. In the S phase, the DNA replicates in the nucleus taking up to 8 hours, but can often vary based off of the number of DNA necessary to replicate. What separates a normal and cancer cell is that a cancer cell will still replicate damaged DNA while a

I isolated Enterobacter aerogenes from plate number 5. Enterobacter aerogenes is a rod shaped Gram-negative species.

Sterile technique is the process of executing cell culture procedures without introducing contaminating microorganisms (bacteria) from the environment