Comparing Carnivores And The Immune System

4. Herbivorous mammals tend to have extremely long digestive systems, especially the intestines; omnivores have intermediate length intestines; and carnivores have extremely short intestines. What might be a logical explanation for this pattern?

specific enzyme (Knowles, 1991). One part of the enzyme, salivary amylase, is that alpha amylase is in the saliva of most animals because this enzyme breaks down starch (Jacobsen, Melvaer, Hensten- Pettersen, 1972). In the presence of starch, this enzyme is present in saliva, but is not present when there is no starch present (Jacobsen, Melvaer, Hensten- Pettersen, 1972). The conditions for salivary amylase to have a reaction with starch would change in temperature and enzyme concentration, as well as, monitoring the pH levels (Jacobsen, Melvaer, Hensten- Pettersen, 1972). Salivary amylase is an enzyme is human saliva that helps in digestion of specific substrates, such as starch (Hudman, Friend, Hartman, Ashton, Catron, 1957). It breaks down starch molecules by splitting maltose from the non-reducing end of a gluten molecule (Jacobsen, Melvaer, Hensten-Pettersen, 1972).

We eat all types of food everyday, we have one important tool that we use to break down food which is enzymes. Digestion starts once food is chewed with saliva found in our mouths. Saliva contains all kinds of enzymes and there are hundreds types of enzymes in terms of breaking down food such as amylase,

The large intestine functions to absorb the remaining water from the indigestible food matter and then to pass the matter out of the body.

They consume foods such as fruits, leaves, bark, stems, insects, and even other primates. Nothing is off limits (Cavendish, 2010, pg.19). Horses on the other hand are herbivores, so they only eat plant based foods. Horses have hindgut fermenters, which mean that they only have one stomach, but it contains four different compartments to digest food. This contains the reticulum, rumen, omasum, and the abomasum which is the true stomach.

Consist of oral cavity, esophagus, gallbladder, liver, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, colon, cecum, appendix, jejunum, and rectum.

The digestive system of the horse consists of a simple stomach, small intestines, cecum, large and small colons, rectum and anus. The horse 's stomach is comparatively small for its size. The stomach of an average horse has a holding capacity of about two gallons. This may be the reason horses eat small but frequent meals. From the stomach food moves to the small intestine, which is the main site of digestion. The small intestine empties into the cecum. The cecum; along with the large colon; make up the large intestine. Digestion in the large intestine occurs by action of bacteria and protozoa. (arg.gov.sk.ca)

Explain expediency and benefits of their intake and excretionThe digestion of carbohydrate begins in the mouth, and then the salivary gland moistens the food as the food is chewed. The salivary glands have an enzyme called amylase. The amylase is a catalyst that helps in the breakdown of polysaccharides Carbohydrate food. After eating the carbohydrate food into pieces with the help of amylase, it is swallowed to the stomach (chyme) through the oesophagus, at chyme, no digestion takes place. The salivary amylase stops action, and the stomach produces acid that destroys any bacteria. From the stomach, the chyme enters the small intestine (duodenum), the pancreas releases an enzyme called pancreatic amylase that helps in the splitting of polysaccharide into disaccharide. The small intestine t produces maltase, lactase, sucrose. These are enzymes that aids in splitting the disaccharides into monosaccharides.How did the carbohydrate, fats, and proteins differ in digestion process? Explain suitability and benefits of their intake and excretion. (Atoba, MA 1988) The intestinal bacteria help in digesting carbohydrates that refused to digest like other carbohydrates or excreted with faces.Example of carbohydrate foods are bread,Paste,

Horses are prodigious grazers, they eat from grass , hay, flowers, apples, carrots, and other

As a prey animal, the horse has eyes located at the side of the head which allows for a wider field of vision, useful when scanning for predators. However, due to eye location, the horse has only a small range of binocular vision which greatly impacts food selection. The inability to focus on one particular object paired with overall lack of depth perception requires the horse to graze in order to meet dietary requirements as it would be unable to hunt other animals. The equine has evolved to be an efficient grazing animal. The muzzle of the horse consists of sensitive nerves and strong muscles. The pairing of nerves and muscles allow a horse to selectively graze, avoiding plants that are sharp or thorny and separating them from the plants

The horse’s stomach is very small in comparison to the rest of the system, making up about 10% of it. Food can pass through in as little as 15 minutes. The three main areas of the stomach are the saccus caecus (sack-us seek-us), fundic, and pyloric regions. The esophagus dumps the food into the saccus caecus region, where it is mixed with hydrochloric acid, which slows the fermentation process. If the food ferments, it creates gas, and horses have very few ways to get rid of gas. In the fundic region, the fermentation decreases even further and the food mixes with pepsin and stomach acid, which begin the digestion of proteins and fats. In the pyloric region, protein digestion increases and fermentation stops almost

Horses are nonruminant meaning that they are single stomached animals or monogastric. Horses are also herbivore meaning their diet is plant material. Horses secrete generous amounts of saliva containing no enzymes that helps to lubricate their coarse feedstuff. The stomach of the horse is small in relation to its size and that of other mammals. The stomach muscles are less powerful than in other animals making it more susceptible to stomach problems Horses are expected to eat numerous small feedings every day or large amounts twice a day with adequate roughage to prevent stomach problems.

The horses stomach is very different to a cows, the horse has a very small stomach (about the size of a rugby ball) in proportion to its body, it makes up 10% of the capacity of the digestive system it has to eat in intervals, and have frequent periods of eating in order to be able to digest efficiently, this is called trickle feeding. In the horses stomach the food mixes with pepsin, which is an enzyme that helps digest protein, hydrochloric acid, which helps to break down solid particles and acids mix to begin to digest the food, but the main function is mostly storage. The horses hindgut is where most of the digestion of fibre is done, compared to a cow which digests fibre in its rumen. The rumen is much larger than the horses hindgut in relative comparison, meaning it can be more efficient.

Choose one animal from the list of carnivorous animals and one from the list of herbivorous animals. Compare the structural differences between the two digestive systems.

You use your mouth to chew your food, causing it to break down in pieces hence using the process of mechanical digestion, and you also use your mouth to form an enzyme known as amylase, or saliva which breaks down your food chemically, for instance when your saliva touches the bread from your sandwich it begins to form into sugars. Incase you did not know “enzymes are chemicals that are used to break down foods into other chemicals”. Saliva can also help you swallow the food by lubricating and “breaking down the complex carbohydrates into simple carbohydrates.”