Comparing War And Osiander's The Peace Of Westphalia

Case Study 2: A Review of Comments of the German Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference on the Conditions of Peace (October 1919)

Through the book ‘Europe’s Last Summer’ David Fromkin tackles the issues of pre WWI Europe, and the surrounding political, economic, social, debacles that led paranoid countries to go to arms after nearly a full century of relative peace within the European continent. While Fromkin certainly points his fingers to all the nations of Europe his primary focus lies with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Though he continues to stress throughout much of the book that Kaiser Wilhelm II and Archduke Ferdinand were fervent keepers of the peace within their nations, the fault of the war ultimately could be laid at the feet of their two nations and their constant attempts at war-mongering. He claims the war could have been avoided for the moment, had all the nations of Europe wanted peace, but the two bad eggs of Europe drew them all into an unavoidable general war.

A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles in 1959, takes place at a boarding school in New England named Devon where 16-year-old Gene and Phineas live their adolescence. Their teenage years are taking place during World War 2, so their youth is spent talking about and waiting to go into war. While they are Devon, it seems the boys can not be attacked by the outside world and they can remain to be children. But soon the fun comes to an end when Phineas falls out of the tree. The tree that Gene and Phineas jumped out of every night, that Gene could even recognize when he came back 15 years later. This time between his fall and the war draft is a time for each boy to face his internal and external enemies. Their enemies are finally defeated after

Are you and your best friend alike or different? A Separate Peace tells a story about two best friends who attend Devon High School together. Although they are best friends, they have differenced that can make them closer but sometimes pulls them apart. Gene and Finny’s similarities and differences make the story as interesting and detailed as it is. While they differ in values and personality, they both depend on each other numerous times throughout the story to show their close relationship.

Following many years of strife between Catholics and Protestant Reformers, war broke out in the Holy Roman Empire in 1618. This long lasting conflict, known as the Thirty Years’ War, would not cease until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. The political, economic, and social causes had been intensifying since the Protestant Reformation and the Peace of Augsburg. With a nation divided vastly, in massive debt, and in continuous religious conflict, there was only one solution: war. The Thirty Years’ War was a turning point in modern European history because new strong nations emerged, but the war also brought devastation to European populations and economics.

The tragic novel A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, apprises a story of Gene, an individual who fights his inner battle between love and envy for his best friend, Finny. The film and the novel’s events are comparatively similar, but there are also many differences between the two sources. Many significant characters do not appear in the film that are present in the novel, and many symbolic plot events are relatively similar in the novel

At the Devon School in New Hampshire, in 1942, during World War II, the main character, Gene, becomes closer with his adventurous roommate, Finny, whose elemental charisma distracted them from the reality outside of the school. Throughout the novel the realness of the war becomes present and the war’s continuation parallels the growth of Gene, from a young innocent boy, to a man. These changes happen to align with one another and that coordination represents the theme of a loss of innocence in the novel. Due to the contradictory interactions with the war and the pursuit of adulthood, Genes development as a person runs alongside the progression of the war. In the novel, A Separate Peace by John Knowles, the relationship between the author’s use of war impacts the maturing of the main character Gene and further develops the theme of the loss of innocence.

Whenever a book is adapted into a movie, there are certain aspects that must be changed or omitted. For instance the novel A Separate Peace by John Knowles was adapted into a motion picture in 2002, directed by Peter Yates. When comparing the film to the novel, there are many details that differ; such as the point of view and the characters. In the novel, the story is told by the main character, Gene, in first person. The story is told from a flashback standpoint by “adult Gene” as he is reflecting back on his time at Devon.

The Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versailles are two of the “most significant international agreements in the history of modern Europe” (Packet). They not only ended drastic and intense wars, but they rearranged and changed the face of Europe. The Congress of Vienna aimed to restore the principles prior to the Napoleonic Era, including conservatism, legitimacy, and the balance of powers. The diplomats of this treaty agreed on a collective security, to protect one another from future revolutions. The Treaty of Versailles, on the other hand, had several different aims. One of the main goals was to restrict Germany from anymore fighting in the future. Another included the right of self-determination for newly established states. The diplomats, however, had trouble completely agreeing on the components of the treaty. The overall similarity of the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versailles is the creation of alliances and “systems of international relations”, such as the Concert of Europe and the League of Nations, as a means of protection against future complications (Packet). The main difference between the two treaties is the treatment towards the crushed powers, France and Germany. Although the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Versailles are similar because of the creation of alliances and systems, overall, the two treaties are different because of the contrasting treatments of France and Germany after the Napoleonic Wars and the First World War.

The Successes and Failures of the Treaty of Versailles in Addressing the Causes of Conflict and Restoring Peace and Normality

1531 Bavaria, despite being a Catholic region, joins the League of Schmalkalden, a Protestant group which opposes Charles V. 1648 The signing of the Treaty of Westphalia ends the German Thirty Years' War. 1755 A British expedition against the French held Fort Niagara in Canada ends in failure. 1861 Western Union completes the first transcontinental telegraph line, putting the Pony Express out of business. 1863 General Ulysses S. Grant arrives in Chattanooga, Tennessee, to find the Union Army there starving. 1897 The first comic strip appears in the Sunday color supplement of the New York Journal called the 'Yellow Kid.' 1901 Anna Edson Taylor, 43, is the first woman to go safely over Niagara Falls in a barrel. 1917 The Austro-German army routs

Deep were contradictions between Germany and France. Their sources were, on the one hand, the desire of Germany to perpetuate Alsace and Lorraine, taken from France as a result of the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), and on the other, - the determination of the French to return these areas (Audoin-Rouzeau & Becker, 2002).

The moment that tension first blossomed between Catholics and Protestants in Germany can be traced back to 1517, when a disillusioned priest first nailed his 95 theses to a church door. The Thirty Years’ War that resulted was fought to resolve this religious tension, but only bitter compromise was found at the war’s end. In the centuries that followed, relations between the two religions vacillated from civil to hostile within, and between, each German state. When unification appeared to be a distinct possibility around 1870, the dominant German state, Prussia, searched for possible solutions to this three-hundred year old hostility in such a way that would strengthen the new empire rather than hinder it. The answer came in the form

The significance of the Peace of Westphalia has long been lauded as beginning of international relations as it is recognized today. Many have attributed the popularity of this belief to the article, Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948 by Leo Gross which was published in 1948. It discusses the merits of the agreement in sparking the establishing the modern state system. A more recent piece, Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth by Andreas Osiander takes an entirely different approach by attempting to debunk what Peace of Westphalia stands for in the current world. Both articles have strongly argued for their respective views on the issue, however it is clear that when it comes to whether or not the two treaties that make up the Peace of Westphalia actually contribute as much as ???? However it is clear that Osiander is more convincing??? While both articles make strong arguments to convince the reader of their respective views, Osiander employs By

There were many consequences of the War of 1648; primarily, the Peace of Westphalia! This assembly was the first that managed to bring all parties together under one roof to discuss international disagreements, and those who signed the treaty pledged to fulfill the terms and conditions set forth. Also, the balance of power in Europe had changed. Parts of Alsace were given to France, and no longer was Spain the major force in Europe; France had increased in power and was now the dominant country on the continent. Many northern territories in the Holy Roman Empire were taken by Sweden.