Comparing The 18th Century Physician And Botanist Linnaeus Instituted A Taxonomic System

3. Identify the 3 domains of living things. Which domains include one-celled organisms with no nucleus?

When life arose on Earth about 4 billion years ago, the first types of cells to evolve were prokaryotic cells. For approximately 2 billion years, prokaryotic-type cells were the only form of life on Earth. The oldest known sedimentary rocks found in Greenland are about 3.8 billion years old. The oldest known fossils are prokaryotic cells, 3.5 billion years in age, found in Western Australia and South Africa. The nature of these fossils, and the chemical composition of the rocks in which they are found, indicates that these first cells made use of simple chemical reactions to produce energy for their metabolism and growth. Eukaryotic cells evolved into being between 1.5 and 2 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells appear to have arisen from prokaryotic cells, specifically out of the archaea. Indeed, there are many similarities in molecular biology of contemporary archaea and eukaryotes. However, the origin of the eukaryotic organelles, specifically chloroplasts and mitochondria, is explained by evolutionary associations between primitive nucleated cells and certain respiratory and photosynthetic bacteria, which led to the development of these organelles and the associated explosion of eukaryotic diversity. Today Prokaryotes

Prior to the development of DNA technology and the sequencing of organismal genomes, Charles Darwin suggested that the “tree” of life can be traced back to a single root (Koonin and Wolf, 2012). While Darwin’s theory was primitive, it laid the groundwork for the phylogenetic trees that are currently studied in science classrooms around the world. The three-domain tree, containing Eukarya, Archea, and Bacteria, soon became too simplistic due to the realization that some bacteria possessed the ability to exchange genetic information by horizontal gene transfer (Koonin and Wolf, 2012).

Prokaryotic: (single cell)The plasma membrane encloses the cell, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell, and separating its interior from the external environment.

There are three domains of organisms, which are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea prokaryotes, and Domain Eukarya inevitably includes eukaryotes. Prokaryotes are the most abundant and able to adapt to many different environments. They do not contain a nucleus, circular DNA,

Well prokaryote is the name given to organisms that are made up from cells that lack a cell nucleus or cells that lack any membrane-encased organelles (a specialized subunit within a cell). In lamens terms, in prokaryotes, the DNA is not bound or held together inside a nucleus. Prokaryotes also only have a single loop DNA. Last but not least prokaryotes are divided into groups or domains but more about that in a minute.

The purpose of this study is to identify four unknown organisms. The unknown organisms have been assigned randomly to six-research groups by Professor Hoffman. Each research group was provided two eukaryotes and two prokaryotes. The unknown organisms will fall into the following classifications: bacteria, algae, fungi, or protozoans. All living organisms are organized into one of three domains of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

In the Linnaean classification system, all organisms are placed in a ranked hierarchy.   His system was one of small groups building into larger ones. The current groupings of organisms from largest to smallest are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species

8. Domain- A classification of life that includes Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. This is above Kingdom.

Domain eukarya- All organisms grouped within the domain eukarya are also considered single celled. Eukaryotic cells are specifically grouped by the things each organism lives off, or by the things they eat individually.

Scientist believe that there are still 85% of organisms undiscovered. Many of these species live in places that are unexplored. Recently scientist have explored the floors of the oceans, eyelids of humans, hot springs, and even stomachs of humans. Before the 18th century, organisms were classified into three groups. These groups were those that live on land, those that live in water, and those that live in the air. Also plants and animals were called by their common names, which lead to much confusion. According to “The Explosion in What We Know About Life Forms”, many confusions arose from organizing organisms this way, such as, scientist could not be sure whether two similar organisms that lived in different parts of the world were actually the same creature called by two separate names. Later in the 18th century, a botanist name Carl Linnaeus created a new, complex system of taxonomy. In this system, it grouped organisms (from largest to smallest) into kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. Also in the new complex system they took the genus and the species of each type of organism to create its name. As scientists learn more about the animals and plants on earth they have improved the taxonomy system. In the essay “The Explosion in What We Know About Life Forms” it talks about how scientist have added three new kingdoms, subspecies/varieties (smaller than

Prokaryotic Cells All living things are made of cells, and cells are the smallest units that can be alive. Life on Earth is classified into five kingdoms, and they each have their own characteristic kind of cell. However the biggest division is between the cells of the prokaryote kingdom (monera, the bacteria) and those of the other four kingdoms (animals, plants, fungi and protoctista), which are all eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells, and do not have a nucleus. Prokaryotic means 'pre-nucleus' and eukaryotic means 'true nucleus'.

Prokaryote cells - bacteria and archeans. They are single celled organisms, where the DNA is not separate from the cytoplasm. These prokaryote cells formed the earliest and most primitive life on earth.

The three domains a system developed to arrange organisms into groups based on their features. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eurkarya. Bacteria and Archaea have some of the same characteristics. They are unicellular prokaryotes, which means they possess a single cell and no nucleus. Even those their both microorganisms, Bacteria and Archaea belongs to different types of prokaryotes. Bacteria have cell walls made of protein and sugar called peptidoglycan. Bacteria receive nutrients by photosynthesis, and organic or inorganic materials. Archaea don't contain peptidoglycan. Archaea consist of three different groups: Methanogens, Extreme halophiles, and Extreme thermophiles because of the extreme environments where they dwell.

The famous, Swedish science historian Sten Lindroth once said that “God creates, Linnaeus orders”, which is a perfect example of how ground-breaking and respected Carolus Linnaeus’ works, ideas, publishings and findings were at the time (Lindroth). Carolus Linnaeus, a.k.a. the father of taxonomy, was a Swedish botanist who was the first to person to successfully set the “frame” for characterising and naming organisms. Carolus Linnaeus impacted the field of biology in a positive way through his classification of organisms sexually, publishing many important biological works, papers, and books, and the creation of binomial nomenclature.