Comparing The Adaptations For Nitrogenous Excretion Across Three Taxonomic Groups

Introduction:Enzymes are made up of proteins which are produced within living cells and act as catalysts which speed up chemical reactions. They are made up of long chains of amino acids containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Enzymes are structured to be

Protein: (formerly) a substance thought to be the essential nitrogenous component of all organic bodies

The amino acids that are not immediately required are broken down in the liver to make urea; this urea is carried in the bloodstream to the kidneys for elimination of waste.

a. Proteins- macromolecules made of amino acids. Proteins have many functions in the body. Some sources of proteins are whole-grain cereals, dark breads,rice, beans, and meat.

Also, large substances such as, proteins are broken down by enzymes called proteases into amino acids, which is used and stored as energy. An example of this is; when the body gets exhausted the fuel which is converted from the protein is used as energy and also to repair worn out tissues to keep the body healthy and energised. It also stimulates the immune system and aids the body in ATP production.

Amino acids can be used to synthesize proteins for cellular structure; for energy; and to synthesize proteins that function in various body processes.

Amino Acids are essential nutrients that are the primary building blocks of proteins found in meat, dairy products, and legumes. Proteins make up 20 percent of the human body, and the amino acids that make up these proteins play a critical

*Nitrogen, which accounts for 78 percent of the atmosphere, exists in the atmosphere in a form unusable by living organisms.

Like all other elements, nitrogen is very important in life but in moderation. We sometimes cause an overload

In choosing branched chain amino acids for my ergogenic aid project, I took a few different things into account. When looking at the list provided to our class for this project, I told myself that I wanted a challenge. I wanted to work on a topic that I knew very little about to begin with. Some of the choices off of the ergogenic aid list seemed to easy and broad. Options such as protein and alcohol would seem to be rather easy and bland. To begin with, I had heard of amino acids and branched chain amino acids. However, I knew next to nothing about them. Instead of covering the broad topic of all the amino acids, this topic allowed myself to go deeper

The diverse roles of amino acids: 1. Hormones (signaling type molecules)  Dopamine, thyroid type hormones 2. Metabolic Intermediates  Catabolic amino acids  Citrulline: key intermediate in the urea acid cycle, the pathway by which mammals excrete ammonia.  Ornithine: in urea acid cycle, precursor to arginine, disposal of nitrogen. 3. Osmotic effects (Osmolytes- organic compounds affecting osmosis, soluble in solution within a cell, play a role in maintaining cell volume and fluid balance.)  Ex: Antarctic fish utilize stores of amino acids to offset preservations of different ions. 4. Buffering Capacity  Zwitterion (means twin in German): A zwitterion is a chemical compound that is electrically neutral but carries formal positive and negative charges on different atoms. Zwitterions are polar and usually have a high solubility in water and a poor solubility in most organic solvents. o Often times the R group is charged.  Ex: Histidine (essential amino acid) the R group has a charge, pKa at pH 7.4. Modest change in pH results in change in charge; many proteins have a Histidine residue sitting in the active site. Changes ability to interact with substrate, which causes a profound change in kinetics.

Amino acid dietary supplements are principal, exceptionally now that the "normal" weight loss program lacks nutrients and good protein. Protein deficiency is in charge for lack of muscle tone. By practicing amino acid body building by means of exercise and supplements, you can look ahead to a sharper, fitter and higher watching body in no

Useable nitrogen production is not need to worry because bacteria are not the only source to do nitrogen fixation process. On the other hand, useable nitrogen can be substituted by the interruption of human such as the Haber-Bosch process.

23) Which of the following is not considered a source of complete protein in human nutrition?

Organisms cannot depend solely on spontaneous reactions for the production of materials because they occur slowly and are not responsive to the organism's needs (Martineau, Dean, et al, Laboratory Manual, 43). In order to speed up the reaction process, cells use enzymes as biological catalysts. Enzymes are able to speed up the reaction through lowering activation energy. Additionally, enzymes facilitate reactions without being consumed (manual,43). Each enzyme acts on a specific molecule or set of molecules referred to as the enzyme's substrate and the results of this reaction are called products (manual 43). As a result, enzymes promote a reaction so that substrates are converted into products on a faster pace (manual 43). Most enzymes are proteins whose structure is determined by its sequence of its amino acids. Enzymes are designed to function the best under physiological conditions of PH and temperature. Any change of these variables that change the conformation of the enzyme will destroy or enhance enzyme activity(manual, 43).