Essay about Comparing the Anatomy of a Rat to a Toad

The integumentary system can be broken down into three main categories the Epidermis, Dermis, and Subcutaneous layer each of which contain certain specialized skin derivatives including hair, nails, and several kinds of glands.

The integumentary system is the skin and its derivatives; it provides external protection for the body. Its characteristics are: covers the entire body, accounts for about 7% of total body weight, pliable, yet durable, thickness: 1.5 to 4.0 mm, composed of the epidermis and dermis.

4. Herbivorous mammals tend to have extremely long digestive systems, especially the intestines; omnivores have intermediate length intestines; and carnivores have extremely short intestines. What might be a logical explanation for this pattern?

First of all, the human body, crayfish, earthworm, and frog all have many similarities and differenced about how their digestive system works. They all eat their food through their mouths and the food then travels into the esophagus. The esophagus prepares the food for further digestion. The food in the esophagus then travels in the frog, crayfish, and human body’s stomach. The earthworm doesn’t have a stomach, but it has a crop that serves as a storage stomach. Once the food is in the stomach, something different happens for each organism. The food in the crayfish travels to the digestive gland which produces digestive substances and from which the absorption of nutrients occurs. The same thing occurs in a frog and the human body, but instead of a digestive gland it is moved into a small intestine. In the earthworm, the food goes from the stomach to the gizzard, which uses stones that the earthworm eats to grind the food completely. After it is moved into the digestive gland, small intestine, or gizzard, the food is mostly digested. The earthworm and human body’s food is now moved into the larger intestine, where it absorbs water and any remaining nutrients. The frogs food is stored in something like a large intestine, but it is called the gallbladder. The crayfish only has on intestine. After going through all this, the undigested material leaves through the anus, or for a frog, it is called the cloaca.

The digestive system of a pig is classified as monogastric or non-ruminant, which is having a stomach with only a single compartment, like humans. In addition, the digestive tract of the pig has five main parts, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Furthermore, the mechanical breakdown of the food begins upon the entrance of the mouth in the digestive tract. Basically, the food is grinded into smaller pieces by its teeth. Next, saliva is produced in the mouth, acting to moisten the small food particles, along with an enzyme that starts the digestion of the starch. Then, the food is pushed towards the esophagus with the help of the tongue. Primarily, the esophagus carries the food from the mouth to the stomach, being a tube, which is carried out with the help of a series of muscle contractions that push the food towards the stomach. Subsequently, after the first of the contractions, swallowing, has taken place, the cardiac valve, located at the end of the esophagus, prevents food from passing from the stomach back to the esophagus. Likewise, the stomach comes next in the digestive tract; it serves as a reaction chamber, adding chemicals to the food. Also, hydrochloric acid and enzymes help break down food into small particles of carbohydrates, protein, and fats. Additionally, some particles are absorbed into the bloodstream, from the stomach, while others cannot be absorbed by the stomach, being passed to the small intestine through the pyloric valve. Moreover, the small intestine aids

Our mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, large intestine, small intestine, rectum, and anus come together to form the digestive system which breaks down our food into simpler molecules. The food enters through the mouth, travels down the esophagus, breaks down in the stomach, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder and then moves through the intestines down to the rectum and anus. A pig’s digestive system is no different than a human’s. A foregut, midgut, hindgut, and a digestive gland form the digestive system of a crayfish. The foregut contains the stomach (partially breaks the food down), the

Digestion is a complicated process that uses many different processes to digest food efficiently. It is necessary for not only us but for almost every organism. A major part in digestion is pH or how acidic or basic a substance is. pH helps digestion happen, the question is for the Stentor and the Rotifers at what pH ranges does their digestion occur? We will test that by using pH indicators, and observing the digestion happen under the microscope.

Immediately after entering the stomach, water and the unusable plasma of the ingested blood are absorbed by the lining of the stomach (Breidenstein, 1982). The majority of the dry matter in blood is mainly proteins, so the digestive system of the Arctic vampire lizard goes to work on breaking these proteins down (Breidenstein, 1982). Beginning in the stomach, the enzyme pepcin begins breaking some of the peptide bonds of the proteins (Silk et al. 1985). The contents of the stomach are then quickly transported to the small intestine, where pancreatic enzymes continue to hydrolyze the polypeptides, breaking them into individual amino acids (Silk et al. 1985). In the small intestine, the amino acids are diffused through the intestinal lining into the tangent blood vessels to be delivered through the body through the circulatory system (Silk et al. 1985). The liver can then convert amino acids like alanine to glucose through a process called gluconeogenesis (Yoon et al. 2001). The glucose is then made into ATP through aerobic respiration, producing water and carbon dioxide (Yoon et al.

Course description: Principles and mechanisms of physiological regulation in animals, with a focus on humans.

When we see an animal, do we ever think about what is going on deeper than the eye can see? Do you ever think about all the things firing inside to keep things in balance and the animal functioning? Horses and primates have many similarities as well as differences. Starting with the skeletal system, the skulls on a primate and a horse are quite different. A primate’s skull usually lacks the large sagittal crest (Cavendish, 2010, pg.10).

The digestive system of the horse consists of a simple stomach, small intestines, cecum, large and small colons, rectum and anus. The horse 's stomach is comparatively small for its size. The stomach of an average horse has a holding capacity of about two gallons. This may be the reason horses eat small but frequent meals. From the stomach food moves to the small intestine, which is the main site of digestion. The small intestine empties into the cecum. The cecum; along with the large colon; make up the large intestine. Digestion in the large intestine occurs by action of bacteria and protozoa. (arg.gov.sk.ca)

Compare and /or contrast the anatomy of the White Rat with that one of the Human body.

Rats are distinguished from mice by their size; rats generally have bodies longer than 12 cm (5 in).

For the cat lab, there is no hypothesis as this is a observational activity. The purpose of this lab is to compare the anatomy and physiology of a Domestic House Cat, to that of a human. The references are “New” Lab manual, and Disecction of the Cat. The scale of refrence is one bar = 3mm.

Although both rats and mice appear similar to the normal observer, there is a minor disparity between them. Rats are differentiated from mice by