Comparison Between Chronic And Acute Infections

Analysts have been concentrating among the dynamic parts of supportive microorganisms inside the human body, and they found out that: “In fact, most of the cells in the human body are not human at all. Bacteria cells in the human body outnumber human cells 10 to one.” (Jennifer Ackerman, 2012, p. 38) Ackerman also expresses that

Bacteria is a single celled organism, bacteria have evolved to thrive in almost any environment and can be found in almost any substance/surface and also in the human body, only 1% of bacteria is actually harmful.

Distinctions in the micro-organisms structure can be pivotal to not only the function of the pathogen within the body, but also the means by which it may spread.

Biofilms play a crucial role in the persistence of lung infections in CF patients due to the protective extracellular matrix that is formed by the bacterial community (5). This barrier limits the penetration of antibiotics and results in varying nutrient gradients, allowing for a diverse range of bacteria (5). Bacteria inside this biofilm are able to sense the presence of other cells, and alter their properties accordingly to suit the environment. This is particularly interesting as the bacterial communities within a biofilm may compete with each other for dominance in the biofilm (6). Therefore, bacterial competition may impact the treatment and actions needed to treat biofilms in the lungs of CF patients

Both in and on our body, there are 10 bacterial cells for every single human cell. This collection of organisms that inhabit the human body is referred to as the microbiome and accounts for nearly 2% of our total body weight.

In our world we are surrounded by microorganisms, some are harmless, many are beneficial; they are a part of our normal flora on our skin and in our intestines, providing a barrier against microorganisms that may not be so harmless. It is important, however, to distinguish which microorganisms are potentially pathogenic from those that are not, and when someone does get ill to determine what the organism is so appropriate treatment can be determined.

of this policy is to reduce the risk of infection transmission both to and from

It is very difficult to treat bacterial biofilm infection. Antibiotic treatment by itself is not enough to destroy biofilm infections adequately. Overall, the approaches to combat biofilms can be categorized into two groups depending if the infection involves a foreign body or not. If the biofilm infection does not involving a foreign body (such as indwelling implants), continuing treatment using high doses of combination of several antibiotics with different mode of action toward the bacteria is used to combat the infection. On the other hand, if a foreign body is involved in the biofilm infection, extraction of the implant is needed for positive result. In some cases, only physical reduction of the biofilm is possible (using mechanical methods)

I just wanted you to know I will not be in class tomorrow, March 31st. I went to the doctor yesterday and was diagnosed with a chronic infection that has caused me to have severe headaches and vision problems and to become extremely tired. Because of this, I am heading home early tomorrow to have more tests

Biofilms are a major concern to the public health since they can be highly resistant to antimicrobial agents. They provide a basis for chronic infections such as cystic fibrosis. The bacteria responsible for chronic lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients is Pseuomonas Aeruginosa (P.Aeruginosa) and is the most commonly studied biofilm infection (Høiby, 2017). This causes a major health problem that occurs when a thick mucus causes obstruction of the airway as the aggregation of cells are colonized. As the biofilm infection progresses, this can lead to damage of the lung tissue causing respiratory problems. Since biofilms are associated with opportunistic infections such as P.Aeruginosa, they can be harder to treat due to their tolerance

Bacterial urinary tract infections represent the most common type of nosocomial infections. Often, the ability of bacteria to both establish and maintain these infections are directly related to biofilm formation on indwelling devices or within the urinary tract itself (30). Enterococci (especially E. faecalis) are one of the main causative agents of urinary tract infection and Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) besides gram-negative pathogens (31, 32). In these infections Biofilm provides a favorable milieu for microbial survival within the host as the organisms are shielded from the host immune response, as well as antibiotics and antimicrobial agents (33, 34). Several studies conducted to introduce main virulence genes of enterococci that are associated with biofilm formation in these bacteria (11, 13,-17), but virulence mechanism and related genes for biofilm formation are not well understood (35). In this study we investigated biofilm formation of clinical enterococci isolates isolated from Urinary tract infections. These strains were characterized for presence of adhesions and secretory virulence factors. Isolates had diverse presence of virulence from lack to highest amount of virulence genes. Several previous studies investigated relation of virulence genes and biofilm formation, especially presence of esp and gel. Enterococci esp has been implicated as a contributing factor in colonization and persistence of infection within the urinary tract

Per Dr. Williams, your chest x-ray does not show any overt infection, but we do see a questionable finding that may be early infection. He have ordered an antibiotic to take once a day for seven days. Please follow up with him in 10-14 days .If your symptoms progress or worsen go to the ER.

A biofilm is a layer consisting of various combinations of many different organisms, autotrophic and heterotrophic. They are dense, organized communities of cells, encased in a self-produced slime. The bacteria grow together in water like atmospheres, attaching to a solid surface, forming a small ecosystem. Biofilms are known as a micro-environment, a micro-habitat, or a slime matrix. They help decompose dead organisms and recycle carbon and nutrients.

A biofilm’s main component is its polysaccharide intercellular adhesion (PIA) which plays a major role in the bacte-rias ability to agglomerate. This polysaccharide as well as, polymeric proteins, teichoic acids, and extracellular DNA forms a matrix that protects the bacteria, rendering even the strongest doses of antibiotics ineffective.

Excessive and indiscriminate usage of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multiple drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains. The need for alternative approaches to combat these MDR strains stem from the fact that 16 million people die annually due to infectious diseases caused by them (Bjarnsholt. et al., 2005 and Rasmussen. et al., 2005). It has been repeatedly observed that bacteria within these specialised structures are around 1000 times more resistant to antibiotics than their free-living counterparts (Martinez and Baquero, 2002). Bacterial behaviour within biofilms is regulated by a process named quorum sensing (QS), where bacteria release chemical signals and express virulence genes in a cell density dependent manner (Ganin et al.