Comparison Between DNA And CODIS

CODIS has many uses in forensic science cases where DNA is involved. In a case where a DNA sample is collected the CODIS database can be used to compare the DNA sample to DNA samples of convicted criminals in the CODIS database to identify possible suspects in the case if a match is found. CODIS can also be used to connect multiple cases. If a DNA sample that is collected at a crime scene matches a sample that was collected at a different crime scene investigators can establish a connection which can lead to more information that can be used to solve the case. In addition to CODIS allowing investigators to find DNA matches, CODIS can be used to exclude suspects as well. If a DNA sample is collected at a crime scene and run through the CODIS

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. Discuss why humans did not evolve with one central repository of DNA, but rather it is replicated throughout the body?

Human DNA is very similar to one another, but only about 0.1% is different from the next person. That 0.1% can tell a person’s eye color, hair color, and other physical features. DNA analyst are able to take a drop of blood, the size of a dime, and duplicate the number DNA found in that drop. With the ability to duplicate DNA, analysts can have a back-up, in the event a human error were to occur. Analyst can tell you exactly where your ancestors came from and the percentage that is still inside your DNA. DNA is a very powerful tool that can identify a murder if the individual left any blood, saliva, skin tissue, hair or semen. The education needed to be able make use of the DNA consists of a great deal of science classes.

From cases such as OJ Simpson to Chandra Levy, DNA profiling also called DNA fingerprinting or DNA typing has played a major role in the criminal justice system. The law enforcement community uses DNA profiling to rule out or identify suspects. Unlike hair microscopy, bite mark comparisons, shoe print comparisons, and firearm tool mark analysis, DNA typing has been developed through massive scientific research and has undergone meticulous scientific evaluation (Innocence Project). DNA is a foolproof method of identifying a perpetrator of a crime.

(PCR), which isolates small fragments of DNA that have a high degree of variability from

2. The millions of copies that are created from a meager amount of DNA assist the laboratory in generating a DNA profile that will be compared against the DNA profile of the suspect.

DNA testing is a critical and accurate tool in linking accused and even convicted criminals for crimes, and should be widely used to assess guilt or innocence before jail sentences are imposed. It was started up by scientists Francis C. Crick and James D, Watson in 1953 as they had described the uses, structures and purpose of the DNA “deoxyribonucleic acid” genetic fingerprint that contains organism information about an individual (testing

Let’s start by defining what in fact is DNA analysis. According to the FBI’s crime lab, the DNA analysis process can take place when bodily fluid stains and other biological tissues are found on physical evidence collected from a crime scene (FBI DNA Casework Unit, 2016). The DNA testing results obtained from evidence samples are compared to DNA from reference samples collected from known individuals. Such analyses may be able to associate victims and suspects with each other, with evidence items, or with a crime scene (FBI DNA Casework Unit, 2016). The FBI and other national crime labs can conduct nuclear, Y-chromosome, and or mitochondrial DNA testing depending on the technology and funds appropriated to the unit. Smaller fielded units would probably not be able to do some testing which would result in them forwarding evidence or using other assets with greater capabilities.

DNA profiling involves testing mini-satellites one at a time which then goes on to produce an image which is much simpler than genetic fingerprinting. It provides a pattern which is unique to a particular person and is therefore suitable for forensic purposes. (Turnpenny, P et al 2005).

Even though DNA evidence is generally linked to an offenders profile through DNA database. In the late 1980’s the federal government laid a ground work for the system of state, local and national DNA databases for the storage and exchange of the DNA profiles. This system was named the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS). Maintaining DNA profiles set of databases that can be shared to the law enforcements all across the country. The CODIS can compare crime scene evidence that has been stored to a database of DNA profiles obtaining previous offenders. This

Indeed DNA profiling has rapidly transform the field of forensics. DNA profiling is the scientific analysis of evidence for crime scene investigation and other legal proceedings. DNA profiling is mostly used by forensic scientists and crime lab technicians. To identify criminals and victims using trace evidence like hair or skin samples. To produce a DNA profile, scientists compare sequences in the genome that vary from person to person. The typical steps in DNA profiling are DNA samples are isolated from the crime scene, suspect, victims, or other evidence. The next selected sequences from each DNA sample are amplified (copied many times) to produce a large sample of DNA fragments. Finally the amplified DNA regions are compared using a gel. All together, these steps provide data about which samples are from the same individual and which sample is unique.

Every day DNA technology becomes more advanced and innovative, for example can match the smallest amounts of biological evidence to a criminal offender. Future DNA techniques will be applied to existing systems and testing methods that will become more automated and will be more effective and less time consuming. Instead of waiting months of DNA results the future will provide instantaneous means for DNA profile development.

They use this information to put it into the NDIS, or the National DNA Index System, which is the collective database of people’s DNA in the US. The FBI uses this database to match DNA that they find at a crime scene to a person who they will be able to bring into custody to question. If it was a rapping case, they would be able to collect DNA and match it to the person who committed the crime and bring them into custody. This system came about when DNA started to be prevalent in putting criminals away. They used the database to store information about every person so that if a crime is done they will be able to easily find them and bring them in. They can also use this information to try and help find people from the National Missing Persons DNA Database. It began in 1990 and was legitamized by the DNA Identification Act of 1994. The team is constructed of a program manager, forensic system program manager, a biologist, an auditor, a management and program analysts, and a paralegal specialist. All of these people work together to make the CODIS

DNA Fingerprinting, also known as DNA Profiling, is a method used to identify a person using DNA patterns that are specific to him/her. 99.9% of DNA is identical in every human being, but .01% is enough to distinguish between people. It is most commonly used in criminal cases to link a criminal to his/her crime scene, but is also used for paternity/maternity tests, and immigration records. Usually a skin, hair, or body fluid sample is collected from a crime scene or criminal or test candidate, then DNA is extracted and cut using enzymes that recognize patterns in DNA and run through a gel by an electric current in a process called electrophoresis (Annely).

Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) is the molecule that hold the genetic information of living things. In our body every cell contains about 2 meters of DNA. DNA is copied every time a cell divides. Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) is made up of two polynucleotide strands. Polynucleotide strands twist around each other, forming a shape that looks like a ladder called a double helix. The two polynucleotide strands run antiaparallel to each other with nitrogenous bases this means that the stands run in opposite directions, parallel to one another. The DNA molecule consists of two backbones chains of sugars and phosphate groups. The organic bases held together by hydrogen bonds. Although bases bonded together are termed paired