Comparison Between Protective Antibody Response And Guinea Pigs Immunized With Wild Type ( Wt )

A vaccine is, by definition, “a preparation of killed microorganisms, living attenuated organisms, or living fully virulent organisms that is administered to produce or artificially increase immunity to a particular disease” (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). In other words, living or killed viruses or bacteria are injected into the body and used to create antibodies for diseases caused by those viruses or bacteria. For example, the disease leptospirosis is caused by coming into contact with Leptospira bacteria through ingestion, being bitten by an infected animal, or having an open wound or mucous membrane that can allow the bacteria to enter the body. It is also a zoonotic disease, meaning that humans can contract it from their dogs, although this is uncommon (AVMA, n.d.). However, getting a yearly leptospirosis vaccine can help protect dogs from getting infected by the bacteria

al., attempted to address the issue of not only finding protective antigens against HSV-2 but delivering them in a way that activates the immune system. A therapeutic vaccine, HerpV, is a rodent equivalent heat shock protein based vaccine. Mo et. al study of HerpV consisted of 32 synthetic HSV-2 derived peptides, which covers all phases of the viral life cycle, used on HSV naive and HSV-2 induced mice and guinea pigs. In the tests with naive mice, HerpV was used as an immunization with the mice followed by a live HSV-2 challenge. Results were not statistically significant, but a measureable immune response did

The pathogen is inactivated either by heat or chemicals or radiations. These factors incapable the microbes of causing disease, but maintain some of its immunogenic properties. Such vaccines are more stable and safer than live vaccines because the inactivated microbes cannot mutate back and cause disease. Killed vaccines are safe, non-infectious and characterized with ease in manufacturing but having many drawbacks such as, these vaccines induce only weak, short-lived and insufficient immunity. As well they have many problems with stability, long-term protection, and present biosafety risks. Therefore large and multiple doses are needed to confer protective immunity, beside immunogenicity of this vaccine usually enhanced by addition of an adjuvants.

Ph.D. Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Biological Science and Engineering (Dewey D. Ryu) (1983)

In this study, the immune system of rats was systemically suppressed with DEX to evaluate the effects on VEGF expression and leukocyte accumulation within the ovary. Half the rats received DEX to transiently suppress their immune system, while the remaining rats were exposed to the appropriate vehicle (Control). To prevent possible bacterial infection, DEX-suppressed rats received tetracycline, an antibiotic. Since DEX-suppressed rats receive tetracycline, Control rats also received tetracycline as an appropriate control. A total of 6, twenty-one day old female Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratory, Wilmington, MA) were utilized as follows:

This manuscript presents a virological molecular survey of influenza D virus in healthy and respiratory-diseased cattle in Japan. The results are important to acquiring information concerning epidemiology of this new emerging virus. Anyway, some data should be better explained and some conclusions are not coherent with results and

The authors created a gene-based vaccine since DNA vaccines have several advantages: the ability to quickly test several

Scientists use different approaches to design vaccines depending on a microbe’s fundamental information. Such information includes how the microbe infects human cells, human immune response to the microbe as well as the region of the world where the vaccine would be used. Two of the most common versions of vaccines are killed virus vaccines and attenuated virus vaccines.

The availability of a vaccine that provides cross-protection against the many different strains of the virus is essential for the preparedness against natural outbreaks (Wilson). Some vaccines demonstrate evidence of cross-protection, frequent induced species-specific immune response and protection (Wilson). GP, glycoprotein, is the sole viral antigen in several ebolavirus candidate vaccines. GP1,2 is present on the surface, and links together with other GP1 to GP2 trimmers to form a disulfide bond (Figure 1). MLD, mucin-like domain, often thought of as forming a glycan cap is highly diverse among different ebolaviruses and is also highly N- and O-glycosylated. The MLD-glycan cap is hypothesized to be a target for antibody response and may serve as a decoy to change an antibody response to a more conserved region of the virus envelope (Wilson).

Originally, three isoforms of H11 (designated H11-1, -2 and -3; GenBank accession nos. AJ249941, AJ249942 and AJ311316, respectively), sharing ~ 61-70% amino acid sequence identity, were reported (Graham et al., 1993; Hederer et al. 2001, direct submission to GenBank). Subsequently, two other isoforms (H11-4 and -5) had been sequenced and deposited in the GenBank database (accession nos. FJ481146 and X94187) (Smith et al., 1997; Zhou et al., 2010). Although vaccination success was achieved using purified, native H11, and cDNA clones were patented

IBDV infection at early were immunosuppressive. Additional protection was provided to broilers and commercial pullets when inactivated emulsified vaccines were administered to parent flock to increase transfer of maternal antibodies to progeny (Allan et al., 1972).

The aim of our study is to compare different types of vaccine assessing the efficacy and safety of each one of them in humane

The introduction of BVDV to susceptible pregnant cows resulted in abortion, increase neonatal mortalities, decrease growth rates, congenital defects, still birth, immunosuppression and increase susceptibility to other affections (Houe 1999).

The article that inspired this research proposal described the use of engineered human embryonic kidney cells, coated in a porous algal sheath, in the selective mediation of psoriatic inflammation in an experimental mouse model. The engineered converter cells were able to detect the presence of psoriasis related pro-inflammatory markers TNF (tumor necrosis factor) and IL-22 (an interleukin) in combination, through linked receptors (Di Domizio and Gillet 2015). TNF receptor signals first activate IL-22 receptors (IL-22R), which in turn switches a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) on. The STAT3 responsive promoter finally drives the manifestation of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 (Di Domizio and Gillet 2015). This study concluded that converter cell activity can be tuned to specific inflammation markers without affecting normal immune system response to pathogens (Di Domizio and Gillet 2015). While there are still far too many hurdles to bring this study to human trial, it did highlight the potential treatment of any number of chronic inflammatory conditions. It is therefore logical to apply this reasoning to the chronic inflammatory autoimmune condition of rheumatoid arthritis. Can engineered converter cells be designed to prevent synovial joint damage from induced rheumatoid arthritis synovial joint damage in a mouse model experiment?

The knowledge of specific virulence factor(s) of a pathogen and the availability of recombinant DNA technology has facilitated the creation of specific gene-deleted pathogens for use as live vaccines. The approach of creating and testing defined gene deletions ultimately aids in reducing the pathogenicity/virulence of the organism without affecting the immunogenicity. Such gene-deleted organisms can be used as vaccines as they retain the immunogenic features of the wild-type organism but cannot cause disease. However, to be effective as viable vaccine(s), these organisms should be genetically stable, easy to grow and easy to administer. So far, genes involved either in determining virulence or regulating key