Comparison Of Lemmings And Tetris: The General Learning Model

The two theories discussed here will be the Psychodynamic Theory and the Social Learning Theory. Psychodynamic theories include the wisdom of Freud and Jung. Freud discusses, defense mechanisms, understanding the ego as it relates to rational thinking and the superego in regard to mortality. Whereas the Social Learning Theory includes those works from Bandura, Watson, and Piaget among others. This theory will focus on imitation, observation and modeling another’s behavior to achieve a certain desired outcome. Although their conceptual theories differ, they both reflect, shape, and interpret the very essence of the human psyche and how we have evolved and developed over the years.

Albert Bandura’s Bobo the Doll Experiment was performed to solidify and add credence to his belief that all human behavior is learned through social imitation, rather than inherited through genetic influences. During the 1960s, many psychologists debated whether genetics or environmental factors, such as social learning, effected a child’s development. Bandura designed the Bobo Doll experiment to prove that children imitate behaviors set by role model’s. Bandura’s research hastened the evolution of the 20th century experimental psychology from pure behaviorism into what is now known as social cognitive learning (Artino, 2017).

Bandura (1965) Three groups of young children watched a film about adults behaving aggressively towards inflatable Bobo dolls. In one of the films it showed adults being rewarded for aggressive behaviour. The second group were scolded and the third group were neither rewarded or punished. All children showed increased aggression if offered a reward for what they learnt, and the behaviour decreases if they are punished. (Cited in Gross 2009). for example social learning can be learnt through the media. Pop stars are often seen as role models, and children of smokers are more likely to smoke when they are adults. Phobic patient benefit more from watching fearful patients gradually overcome their fears. (Cited in Gerry,K.et alt 1996)

When Charlie was playing with toys on the floor, his mother noticed a very aggressive behavior toward those toys, so she called the doctor to make sure that it was normal for her child to show that behavior after the video. The four basic principles of social learning are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation (Wheeler, 2014). People learn better when they are focused on a task, if seeing something being done differently or unusual, then it tends to strike the attention of that person who is focused (Wheeler, 2014). Retention is affecting information in our memories that people recall later when needed to respond to a situation that is the same as the first learned information (Wheeler, 2014). Reproducing prior learned information practices a mental and physical preparation that improves our responses from the that learned information (Wheeler, 2014). Motivation initiates from observation of others being rewarded or punished for things they have said or done in the past (Wheeler,

There have always been people saying that violent movies and video games harm children and make them more susceptible to display violent behavior. According to Albert Bandura’s Study called the “Bobo Doll Experiment” this is true. Through this experiment and a few other’s Bandura came up with the Social Learning Theory. The Social Learning Theory is the theory that Bandura used to describe a way of learning through observation or direct instructions.

Albert Bandura (1977), the originator of social learning theory, focused his research on the process of how people learn through observation. Social Learning stems from a cognitive and behavioral theory model. This is demonstrated through the well-known Bobo Doll experiment. The experiment entailed a child observing an adult being aggressive towards the Bobo Doll (Pavlov et al., 1961). The results indicated that children imitated the observed behaviors of being aggressive towards the doll (Pavlov et al., 1961).

Before the children were left alone with the toy, one group of children ( Group A) watched an adult perform violent actions towards the doll. The other group of children (Group B) watched the adult perform nonviolent acts by ignoring the doll completely and playing with other toys.When the kids were left alone the ones that were in Group A were known to be aggressive towards the toy. The ones in Group B were seen to ignore the Bobo doll and instead play with the tinkertoys left in the lab setting. Bandura applied his steps of the observational learning process to this experiment. This is known because the children must have had to pay attention to act in the way they did towards the doll. Then they had to retain the information so they could recall it back to act on the Bobo doll. The kids had to imitate the violent or nonviolent actions and finally reinforcement was used because there was question of a consequence after the behavior occurred. Throughout life people of all ages engage in this observational

This shows that the experiments and evidence to the “Copy-Cat Games Provide a Social Compass” has been there for almost 16 years. Dr. Meltzoff provides other evidence that is not mentioned in the article such as memory which plays a very important role to this specific behavior. One of the experiment that was not mentioned in the article as that when children learn by watching adults. Everything has to remain exactly the same for the infant to demonstrate memory. For example if infants were given food in the kitchen they would remember to go to the kitchen to get food not in the living room and so forth. According to Dr. Meltzoff, Imitation is also very common in adults. It promotes parental attention and interstation. Children learn appropriate culture and behavior through watching others not just the movements.

For my direct observation paper, I decided to write about the Social Learning Theory, proposed by Albert Bandura. This theory asserts that learning is a cognitive process that takes place in a social context and can occur purely through observation or direct instruction, even in the absence of motor reproduction or direct reinforcement. I observed two young, caucasian boys at a shopping mall. The purpose of this paper is to use the course material from my PSY 335 course and applicate it to the real world through this observation.

Each game is designed to focus on specific goals and objectives and is designed to be a therapeutic tool when used with the discussion prompts or with a learning based discussion during and after each game. In general, a discussion helps people understand better what it is that they are doing and what it is that needs to change. Moreover, each game in the book is designed to give the participants an opportunity to share their thoughts and feelings in a non-threatening way. Also, each game gives individuals the chance to practice improving their behaviors during the course of the game and to learn new skills that can be taken and applied to the real

The ability of an individual to learn from other people’s experience is a unique character associated with conditioning controlled behavior. Children are more likely and willing to repeat certain behaviors in cases where they have been rewarded, as they have developed the feeling that what they did is acceptable.

Robbins and Judge (2009) define the social-learning theory as “the view that people can learn through observation and direct experience” (p. 57). This theory explains how an individual can learn a behavior simply by watching or hearing about others. Social learning is further broken down into four processes namely the attentional, retention, motor reproduction and reinforcement processes. In the attentional process a Sailor will learn by observing another Sailor who stands out to them in some way whether it is someone similar to them, or someone they talk to daily, etc. During the retention process a Sailor recalls the behavior exhibited by the observed Sailor after that individual is not longer around. Next we enter the motor reproduction process where the Sailor begins to put the behavior that was observed into action. Lastly, the Sailor begins the reinforcement process where they begin the process of making this newly learned behavior a habit through the reception of positive reinforcement by their peers and or

A huge development in media that spans over the last 25 years has been the exponential growth of the video game industry. From the earliest arcade- based console games, video games have been promptly and extremely popular. Especially among younger audiences. According to Gentile, “Additionally, the introduction of video games to the home market only served to further elevate their prevalence” [Gentile, 2009]. Because of their widespread popularity, social scientists, parents, and politicians have been distressed with the possible effects of violent video games. Focusing primarily on games with violent content and their detrimental effects on children. Despite there being an wide-ranging base of scientific literature on the unfavorable effects of violent video games, studies on prosocial games is much more narrow. Few factual studies have tested the development of prosocial video game content on harmful and helpful demeanors and outcomes from these studies suggest that prosocial content in games can increase prosocial behavior in brief and protracted terms. Additionally, new studies have started to examine the causal instruments responsible for the effects of prosocial video games on harmful and helpful behaviors. Conclusions from some studies advise that these effects may be expected to changes in cognitive judgement, whereas other studies advocate these effects are due to changes in affect. Both types of results are consistent with social-cognitive models of social behavior, along with the General Learning Model. Furthermore, the social-cognitive learning theory predicts that repeated practice with prosocial or antisocial behavioral scripts can postpone many long-term effects, including the advancement. Changes in precognitive and cognitive constructs perception and expectation composition, beliefs, scripts, cognitive-emotional constructs attitudes and stereotypes and affective traits conditioned emotional responses, empathy, trait hostility. It has been discovered that “Indeed, recent longitudinal studies (some as short as 3 months, others as long as 30 months) have found that children and adolescents who play a lot of violent video games become more aggressive over time, even after controlling for earlier

Albert Bandura, a renowned psychologist, studied how some behaviors are learned through imitation. He calls this the social learning theory. It is exemplified in his classic experiment called the ‘Bobo’ Doll Experiment. The children participating in the experiment were individually shown into a room with toys and then played with them for 10 minutes while “either, 1) 24 children (12 girls and 12 boys) watched a male or female model behaving aggressively toward a toy called a “Bobo Doll”. The adults attacked the Bobo doll in a distinctive manner, either punching or kicking and in some cases using a hammer. 2) Another 24 children were exposed to a non-aggressive model who played in a quiet and subdued manner for 10 minutes. 3) The final 24 children were used as a control group and were not exposed to any model at all” (McLeod, 2011). In order to study whether these three situations had a different effect on the children, the experimenter subjected all the children to “mild aggression arousal” (McLeod, 2011) by taking each child separately to a room with toys. Once the child began to play with the toys, the experimenter “told the child that these were the experimenter’s best toys and she had decided to reserve them for the other children” (McLeod, 2011). The experimenter then brought the child into the next room, which had some aggressive toys, such as a toy hammer, and some non-aggressive toys. For twenty minutes the child’s

Video games can be used as instructional tools as well. They have positive elements and add value; they create a micro world of their own. The players act based on natural tendencies towards learning. Therefore, learning occurs while playing (Rosas et al., 2003).