Essay 1;2014 Comparison of the Ebola outbreak and the CDC study module for “Gastroenteritis at a University in Texas”
1) Ebola Virus- Belongs to the family Filoviridae. It has a single-stranded -sRNA genome, so it uses a RNA polymerase to create the +sRNA template, which acts as mRNA inside the host cell. The envelope is made up of peptidoglycan; the structure is made up of 7 structural proteins and 1 non-structural protein. This means it is an enveloped and susceptible to the outside environment. The Ebola virus replicates in Monocytes, Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. When the Ebola virus is ready to leave the host cell it buds out and takes part of the cell membrane with it. Ebola has an incubation period of 8-10 days. (CDC) Norovirus-
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The most likely hypothesis is that it came from a zoonotic reservoir of a fruit-bat and then interactions between humans and said bats. The Norovirus on the other hand was able to be tracked to the original source. The outbreak started at the Deli bar in the cafeteria. It came from the workers infant baby, more specifically it’s feces. The women did not wash her hands before putting gloves on and the Norovirus was spread through the food that she was serving. The incubation period for Norovirus is 24-48 hours, whereas the Ebola incubation period is 8 to 10 days, but can be as short as 2 or as long as 14. Ebola is transmitted through interaction with infected person’s bodily fluids i.e. saliva, pus, or semen…etc. The Norovirus is food borne, so it needs to be ingested to get into the body. The duration of the Norovirus is three to five days. The body can usually fight of the infection of the virus. The Ebola virus is longer around 8 to 16 days. There is not a treatment for Ebola; the body must fight it off. If the infected can fight off the disease then the body has antibodies to Ebola for up to 10 years. The two diseases have similar symptoms, fever, nausea, headaches, fatigue and diarrhea. However, Norovirus is known for gastroenteritis and Ebola is known for the hemorrhagic fever. This also mimics the flu or cold so it can be mistaken and not handled properly in the beginning stages. The way Norovirus exits …show more content…
These symptoms are also similar to the symptoms caused by the common cold or the flu. Most people are not going to be running to the emergency room if they have a slight fever, headache, or nausea. This can make it difficult to contain these viruses once an initial infection happens in the host. An infected person may travel to another area unaware that they are carrying one of these diseases. Both of these viruses do not have a vaccine or real treatment. The best ways to “treat” these are to let them pass and allow the immune system to fight the virus off. Norovirus is not as serious as the Ebola and most of the persons infected can fight it off in a few days. Getting rest and keeping the body healthy. The Ebola is more serious, the fatality rate according to WHO is 50%. The best way to handle this is to isolate the person and give them IVs and hope their immune system is strong enough to fight off the virus. If they can fight off the virus they will recover, but if not then the virus kills the host. Since Ebola has no cure this plays to the advantage of controlling the virus. When someone has contracted the virus action is taken very quickly to isolate and quarantine. The source of the virus is put as top priority to stop the spread. Because it is so serious controlling it when it arises is the number one objective. The Norovirus is foodborne virus. So tracking the source and removing it in
Serbia joined World War I that started in July 1914 when Austria-Hungary attacked the kingdom of Serbia just at the onset of the world war one. The Serbia army was severely destroyed losing over three hundred soldiers. At the time the war ended, Serbia lost over one million citizens both civilians and the soldiers (Fromkin 12).
Despite all of the progress that has made towards equal opportunity, discrimination is still a major problem in the United States of America. A relatively new phenomenon, titled genetic discrimination, occurs when individuals are discriminated against on account of their genetic information. On May 21st, 2008, the GINA Act was passed, making it illegal to refuse to provide employment or health insurance to individuals based on their genetic information in all U.S. states and territories. Title I prevents genetic discrimination in health coverage, while Title II prevents genetic discrimination in employment. Title I took effect on May 21st, 2009, and Title II took effect eighteen months later on November 21st, 2009. With the GINA Act, it is
Before getting into the life cycle of Ebola there are some things that must be clarified first. Ebola multiplies very rapidly and powerfully and within no time the infected cell becomes enclosed with crystal like blocks or virus particles. These virus particles are already getting ready to replicate. The crystal blocks form at the centre of the cell and begin to grow outwards, and migrate to the cell wall. Once reaching the cell wall, the blocks dissolve into hundred of individual virus particles. The Ebola pieces then creep into the bloodstream of the host and the virus keeps attaching itself to cells everywhere. Here the procedure of replication is then repeated until the tissue becomes saturated with virus crystal blocks. (Garrett 156)
The Ebola is a virus, an infective agent which typically consists of a protein coat that contains nucleic acid, and multiples within a host’s living cells. A Virus cannot be seen by a light microscopy due to its small size. The Ebola virus is a member of the Flioviridae family, which contain single, linear, negative-sense ssRNA (ss meaning single strand) genomes that house the cells genetic material. The tubular Ebola virions are normally 80 nm in diameter and 800 nm long. In the center is the necleocapsid, a capsid that holds all of the cell’s nucleic acid, which in this case is a spiral ssRNA genome. Each genome has a length of around 19kb, and codes for eight proteins, seven structural and one non-structural. The nucleocapsid is throughout
The symptoms of Ebola are a fever, headache, joint and muscle aches, vomiting, stomach pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness and occasionally read eyes, rashes, hiccups, and internal and external bleeding and since these symptoms are not specific to Ebola, it is difficult to clinically diagnose and can often be confused with other viruses. The ELISA testing, short for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and virus isolation are a couple of examples of the types of laboratory testing that can be done to diagnose and Ebola patient. Because of how easily it can be transmitted, it is extremely difficult to treat and there is no approved, official treatment. As of now, there is not standard treatment but usually the patients are given fluids and oxygen, have their blood pressure monitored and other necessary treatment. To prevent transmission and spreading the virus, the doctors use extreme caution and wear head to toe protective gear and isolate the patient. Even though the Ebola virus is common in Africa, there has been no known outbreak in the United States. Another difficulty facing scientists and the treatment for Ebola is that the natural reservoir for the virus unknown. The natural reservoir of a virus is it’s long term host of the
Tigers are a fascinating, and endangered, animal. They develop fast, and go off on their own when they’re mature. Tigers live in various climates, and eat various things as well. They are very strong, and have amazing energy. Not only are they magnificent to watch, but there are many interesting, and not well known, facts about them.
The pathogen infects many cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, hepatocytes, adrenal cortical cells, and epithelial cells. Because of the difficulty of performing clinical studies under outbreak conditions, almost all data on the pathogenesis of Ebola virus diseases have been obtained from laboratory experiments employing mice, guinea pigs, and a variety of nonhuman primates. Patients with Ebola virus disease typically have an abrupt onset of symptoms 8 to 10 days after exposure (range 2 to 21 days). The incubation period for the individual patient depends, in part, upon the type of exposure. Scientist follow guidelines recommended from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) for the management of patients who are known or suspected to be infected with Ebola virus. These recommendations include isolation of hospitalized patients with known or suspected Ebola virus disease and correct use and removal of recommended personal protective equipment. These patients are highly contaminated if it is true that they have the virus. If you do not follow all rules and guidelines for the safety of your immune system and body, it is possible you can become infected with the Ebola virus as well. (Up To
Ebola virus disease (EBV), or just Ebola, is an acute, often fatal illness, with a case fatality rate of up to 90%. It is one of a number of haemorrhagic fever diseases. Ebola is a single-stranded RNA virus with an unusual, variable-length, branched morphology. The helical capsid is enclosed inside a membrane.. It is one of the world’s most virulent diseases. The Ebola virus is a member of the Filoviridae family. There are 5 known subtypes of Ebola. The infection is transmitted by direct contact with the blood, body fluids and tissues of infected animals or people. The current hypothesis is that fruit bats are the original host of the virus. Ebola was introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood, secretions,
The first outbreak of Ebola happened in 1976 in Zaire, Africa, from which it got its name. It is believed that the eating of fruit bats and primates is where Ebola first exposed itself in humans. People didn’t know what to think. Scientist began doing a lot of research and breaking the cells down that made up this deadly virus. They discovered that the Ebola virus is a member of the negative strand of RNA viruses known as filoviruses. (Facts behind the Virus 2). There are four different strains of Ebola which are Zaire, Sudan, Tai, and Reston. (Farmer 1). They are alike in many different ways but also have their share of differences. Reston ebolavirus is the only one that isn’t pathogenic to humans. Whenever the scientists magnified the virus, they discovered that it resembles long filaments and are threadlike in the shape of a “U”. The virus has seven gene codes for nucleoprotein, glycoprotein, virion protein, VP30, VP35, VP45, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Mestrovic
The Ebola virus epidemic has been one of the most significant outbreaks in 2014. Ebola has caught the attention of many, for the infection is life-threatening. Obtaining knowledge about the disease is imperative. There are numerous symptoms, risks, material on the subject and ways to prevent Ebola. The malignant virus affects society greatly, yet there are various precautions that can be taken to secure yourself.
The Ebola virus is a virus that has been transmitted throughout Western and Central Africa throughout the past forty years. The virus looks like a long, tube-shaped cell that often tangles over itself; it is about 80 nm in diameter and can grow up to 14,000 nm long (TKH Virology Notes Ebola, n.d.). The Ebola virus was first discovered in Sudan, near a river by the same name. The virus was first discovered in 1976, and is still around today. The ebola virus is in the Filoviridae family and the Ebolavirus genus. There are five known strains of the Ebola virus, they are Tai Forest ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus and Zaire ebolavirus (Ebola virus disease, n.d.). The Ebola virus is believed to have started
Ebola virus strikes fear into the hearts of many. Incidentally, this fear seems to be most prominent in certain subsets of the population, mainly manifesting in those living in the periphery or who are impoverished. Often the hardest hit areas are peripheral nations hampered by political turmoil, weak health systems, and who are lacking in human and infrastructural resources.
What is Ebola hemorrhagic fever? Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) is a severe, often-fatal disease in humans and nonhuman primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees) that has appeared sporadically since its initial recognition in 1976. The disease is caused by infection with Ebola virus, named after a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) in Africa, where it was first recognized. The virus is one of two members of a family of RNA viruses called the Filoviridae. There are five identified subtypes of Ebola virus. Four of the five have caused disease in humans: Ebola-Zaire, Ebola-Sudan, Ebola-Ivory Coast and Ebola-Bundibugyo. The fifth, Ebola-Reston, has caused disease in nonhuman primates, but not in humans.
Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with blood, organs and other fluids of infected animals.
The highly dangerous virus- Ebola, causes high fever and death of 90% patients within days. Ebola virus and marburvirus are consider to be the most deadly human pathogens that cause severe fever syndrome in both humans and non human parasites. The virus is further divided into 5 species with different pathogenicities.