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Table of Contents
Introduction of Competition………………………………………………………………………2
Economic Phases in India…………………………………………………………………………4
The Competition Act, 2002……………………………………………………………………….8
Anti – Competition Agreements (Section 3)…………………………………………….10
Abuse of Dominance (Section 4)………………………………………………………...11
Regulations of Combinations (Section 6)………………………………………………..13
Competition Advocacy (Section 49)…………………………………………………….16
Competition Commission of India………………………………………………………………18
Case Studies……………………………………………………………………………………...26
Jet Airways & Air Sahara………………………………………………………………..30
European Union Competition Commission……………………………………………………...31
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The settlement of refugees was a considerable financial strain. Partition also divided complementary economic zones. Under the British, jute and cotton were grown in the eastern part of Bengal, the area that became East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), but processing took place mostly in the western part of Bengal, which became the Indian state of West Bengal in 1947. As a result, after independence India had to employ land previously used for food production to cultivate cotton and jute for its mills.
Structural deficiencies, such as the need for institutional changes in agriculture and the slow growth of much of the industrial sector, also contributed to economic stagnation. Wars with China in 1962 and with Pakistan in 1965 and 1971; a flood of refugees from East Pakistan in 1971; droughts in 1965, 1966, 1971, and 1972; currency devaluation in 1966; and the first world oil crisis, in 1973-74, all jolted the Indian economy.
During this period the government had to rely heavily upon the private savings (financing from business houses like Tatas, Birlas etc) . This made these business houses very strong and they gradually started having a strong say in the nation’s policies and economic reforms due to the financial dependency on them.
Birth of MRTP Act, 1969
The first Indian competition law was enacted
The Indian Act was created in 1876 and has been amended many times through history. The Act was created by European settlers under the British crown in order to assert control over the Indigenous people of Canada. It developed into the takeover of Indigenous land, imposed the rule of the Crown on Indigenous affairs, openly allowed discrimination, and restricts hunting. Also, the act implemented the abolishment of band councils, entrapment within harsh reserve living conditions, the creation of residential schools, the constraint on traditions, culture, ceremonies, and the systematic growth of cultural genocide. This racist relic has imposed a great deal of injustice towards Indigenous people. It establishes a “us v. them” mentality and separates
From 2003-2004 to 2006-2007, annual Real Growth Rate increases from 8.4% to 9.7%. Because of the summer’s credit-market crisis, the Indian GDP Growth decrease to 9.0% from 2007 to 2008 and Indian government estimates GDP Growth for 2008-2009 is 7.1%. The decrease of GDP ascribes the global financial crisis which affects India primarily through trade and capital outflows (The World Bank, 2008:16). On trade, exports are possible to weaken and make its contribution to GDP growth may be drop sharply. However, during
Thesis: The Indian Act effectively required Aboriginals to give up large amounts of land and rights followed by moving onto reserves. It negatively changed the lives of many Indian men and women who married non-status Aboriginals and harshly withdrew Aboriginal children from their families and put them into residential schools for the purposes assimilation. The Indian Act was known for creating an atrocious life for Indians.
There was a high food shortage in 1946 and this caused many to ration. World War II left a deep wound in India as two and a half million Indian soldiers were sent to aid the allies and 24,000 killed. Many were unemployed as they lost their jobs after the war since there was no need for war production. Gandhi’s party, Indian national congress, created in 1885 seemed it would be the power that ruled after Britain left. This changed, however, as the All Muslim league became popular during World War II. Muslims were a minority compared to the Hindus. The Partition of 1947 created Pakistan, where the Muslims would live, and India, where the Hindus would live.
The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) is an administer of the competition and Consumer Act (CCA) which is to prevent collusion among the firms and to prevent the individual firm which break the market equilibrium with their market power. Well competitive market would deliver efficiency costs, faster innovation, prevention of unduly concentrated markets, business freedom, wealth distribution, and enhancement of international competitiveness. Therefore, the ACCC is playing a crucial role in Australia, and their activities can be divided into four categories; (1) the policies for anti-competitive conduct and anti-competitive practices, (2) the mergers policy, (3) the consumer protection policy, and (4) four pillars policy.
Disadvantages include the loss of the First Nation’s right to govern themselves and the loss of the right to vote
Along with the Supreme Court’s 1987 decision in California vs. Cabazon, the passing of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 has made gaming a significant part of tribal economic development. Gaming has brought about economic self-determination for Native Americans for the first time in over two hundred years (Neath, 1995). Over two hundred of the United States’ 544 federally recognized tribes have established gaming on tribal lands (Neath, 1995). However, along with the economic profits, Indian gaming has brought many Native Americans back to reservations after many years of living off-reservation.
This essay will discuss the requirements for a legally binding contract, elements for establishing misrepresentation in a court and some elements of the Australian Competition and Consumer Act 2010. Mr Manfredi entered into a bilateral contact with Elvis Eggplant who is the director of the vegetarian café HappyHippie.
"Discuss the Impact of the Competition and Consumers Act on Marketing Practices for Australian Businesses"
Ultimately, the new government financial policies affected the national economic policy in a positive way. It also increased the federal government’s power.
The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act was passed by the United States on October 17, 1988, to manage gaming on tribal lands. It provided the main framework by providing a legislative basis for operation of Indian gaming. It protected the right to game which encourages increases in revenue and economic development within tribes. It also ensured that the games were fair and honest. This law established the National Indian Gaming Commission, which is a independent federal regulatory agency within the Department of Interior. This commission is the only federal agency that is solely purposed to manage gambling, which sometimes involves other departments such as the U.S. Department of Justice. In my opinion, Indian gaming is positive and most likely
India was in a great shape up until the end of 19th century. When British arrived, the country was depleted of its wealth and
Hospitals place noncompetitive clause contracts to limited physician from his/her ability for a competitor. It seem that a noncompetitive clauses is a contracts that prohibit one’s from changing employer. “According Becker’s Hospital Review, it stated that the six trends to non-compete agreements among healthcare providers are; When employing physicians, hospitals are tolerating potentially less restrictive covenants, accountable care organizations will give rise to unorthodox terms of employment that resemble legal covenants, but are not, more hospitals are finding themselves on the receiving ends of tortious interference claims, systems are raising the bar for liquidated damages clauses. Sophisticated physical practices are ramping up their scrutiny and used of non-compete agreements, and oversight from the Federal Trade Commission is not of the questions (Gamble, M.).” I believe the noncompetitive clause contracts prevent physicians from being avaricious and infringement to
Antitrust laws- laws covered under this regulation are intended to prevent the monopolizing of cer-tain services that could end up negatively affecting the market by driving up or down the price of a good or service to such an extent that people cannot afford it. It also has the responsibility to ensure there is adequate competition and to make prices fair and services accessible to as many people as possible. (Economics, 2014). Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)- this regulation’s effect on the market is quite significant because if a product is deemed unsafe for the public, it can have a huge effect on all levels of production. If the company offers any sort of stock, those who have shared may be greatly impacted as well. It is even
The competition and Consumer Act 2010 (CCA), which was formerly known as the Trade Practices Act of Australia, is an Act of the Parliament of Australia. This Act covers the common legislative for competition law within Australia. It promotes competition, and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) administers it, along with three other organisations. The ACCC enforces the CCA and this benefits Australians as a country. The CCA came into operation on the 11th of January. The constitution limits the application of the CCA through section 51, as it sets out the powers between the federal and state parliaments. As a result of this, the CCA mostly applies to corporations. State, Territory and Commonwealth Acts sometimes allow conduct