Complex Eyes Evolution

Treehouse Eyes would like to remind you have been with us for six or 12 months. We would like to know how you are doing with your Myopia. We would like to add you to our schedule for our annual check-up with Dr. Chan. This cannot be missed. It is important to check (Child’s name) for his/hers for any progression of your child’s Myopia.

The complex journey to discover lights nature begins in the 1800s on (as I like to imagine) a bright, sunny day when man named Thomas Young performed an experiment. In this experiment Young shone a light through narrow slits, and then shone that light through two very narrow slits. If light is made up of particles, then the particles should pass straight through the slits and produce two light stripes on the screen, approximately the same size as the slit. On the other hand, if light is a wave, then the two waves emerging from the two slits will interfere with each other and produce a pattern of many stripes, not just two. Young observed many stripes clearly indicating light is infact a wave. James Clerk Maxwell determined that light is an electromagnetic wave: a wave of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. When Heinrich Hertz experimentally confirmed Maxwell's result It seemed that the case was settled and light is indeed a wave, however this is not where lights journey ends.

I revolutionized the field of ophthalmology in 1851 by creating the ophthalmoscope which is used to look at the inside of the human eye. I actually created it while preparing to demonstrate the law of conservation. This invention made me world famous over night. My main publication called "Handbook of Physiological Optics" included theories based on color vision, spatial vision, and motion perception. The human eye detects and is sensitive to only three primary colors, this is a theory by Thomas Young. I extended his theory and proposed that the primary colors has its own receptor in the eye to detect it.

We are able to see the world around us thanks to our eyes. First light enters the cornea which is the outermost layer of the eye. The cornea bends the light and it travels through the pupil to the lens which again bends and shapes the light as it moves to the retina. The retina contains thousands of light sensing nerves (rods and cones). These cells

Irreducible complexity means that if any part of a structure is removed it will not function. This means that based on evolutionary theories animals must not have been able to see for a long period of time because in order to make the eyeball every component must have been created all at once not slowly mutated over time or built up from one organism. The eyeball is just one amazing example of irreducible complexity out of many. Darwin, a scientist most famous for his contributions to the science of evolution, is quoted saying, “It seems difficult to explain the evolution of the eye and the organs…” in one of his books. Darwin is also quoted saying in The Origin of Species, “If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break

I believe that children should receive comprehensive eye exams before they enter school because early detection is the key to prevention. A comprehensive eye exam would be a full examination of the anterior, posterior, and refraction. The reason for such an in-depth exam would be to make sure the anterior segment is healthy by checking for any signs of infection or irritation that could progress if unchecked and later cause vision loss or even more discomfort. The posterior segment of the exam would be done because this is an area of the eye where the patient may not even realize there is a health issue occurring until it is too late to fix or has progress significantly enough that it has caused permanent problems. If there is something

The juveniles of the R. exoculata that were found trawling over the hydrothermal vents in the MAR had a retinal structure very familiar to the surface-dwelling species when compared to the retinal structures of adults in the vent (4). As the juveniles grow and develop, the retinal structure of the eyes changes from imaging to the non-imaging retina (4). The changes in the retinal structure can be closely examined by one eye of the juvenile shrimp (4). The photoreceptors of the juvenile shrimp consist of rhabdom which is converted into a form of multivesicular and lamellar bodies as indicated by the ultrastructural evidence (4). The hydrothermal vent shrimp have no presence of dioptrics but increased amount of rhabdom is present (4). As the juveniles’ retina grows and develops from imaging structure to non-imaging structure, the microvillar structure of the external rhabdom is generated by the interleaved microvilli consist of many photoreceptors located in the ommatidium. Ommatidium then predominates the internal rhabdom formed from the microvilli of a single photoreceptor (4). This further indicates that hydrothermal vent shrimp has evolved from ancestors that once had eyes and lived in a visual environment consist of light to use pattern vision (4). Since the retinal structure of juveniles is familiar to that of surface dwelling, it is also an indication of

The introduction of this article consisted of the development of the model for the genetics of eye color by Charles and Gertrude Davenport in 1907. For 100 years this was taught in classrooms all over the world. As time went by scientists discovered that eye color was controlled by genes and pigment, melanin. This melanin is produced by specialized cells called melanocytes. The total amount of melanin is what determines the range of eye color. To present day scientists have identified over 150 genes that influence eye pigmentation. In humans eye color is determined by the amount of light that reflects off the iris. Eight genes have been identified impact eye color.

Growing up we use our key senses to understand and live in the world around us. After birth newborns eyes are still developing and cannot make out fine details far away. Newborns vision is around 20/240, but by 6 months their vision clears up to around 20/40. At birth infants are genetically programmed to know who their mother is and by three months they can match voices with their gender and ethnic groups. Along with being better to distinguish voices, newborns sense of colors also enhances with age. Perceptual vision is very important for infant eye development. This is necessary because without this ability they would see an “object at a different distance or in a different orientation, they would perceive it as a different object” (Santrock 161). There are two main factors for this size constancy,

Dr. Lamb studied the lamprey, the hagfish, and the human eyes. The lamprey has a camera-style eye that is similar to human’s. Hagfish eye is simple structured, without cornea, lens, or muscles, and its retina, unlike the lamprey’s, contains only two layers of cells. He then argued that since hagfish and lamprey are of the same origin, their common ancestor must had possessed a camera-style eye which is found on lampreys. Therefore, the hagfish eye is a result of degeneration from a higher form. A chart showed that the adult hagfish eye, the larval lamprey eye and the 5-weeks old human embryo eye shared the same characteristics. The Author stated that this is the evidence that there is a common ancestor for all these

Glass eyes Vacant expression  Sometimes I want to see behind the disguise  Bitten lips You look a lot like you want to cry  Other times I know you just want to hide 

The eye is the window to our world. Not only it gives us a pathway to sight, but it gives us the sense of beauty, direction and understanding. We can use basic physics principles to understand the mechanism of the eyes and how to correct abnormalities for maximum vision. One of the first concepts for the eye was made by Plato, the great philosopher. In 400 BC, he theorized that rays of light were emitted from the eyes. It was not until 1604 AD when a man named Johannes Kepler hypothesized the retinal image, or the refracted image through the crystalline lens in which the brain can interpret. Two hundred years later, Thomas Young discovered that the lens are pliable and changes shape depending on the focused object distance.[12] Without the

such as other land or sea mammals, birds and fish have either much superior eyesight,

1. In the experiment, Gaze Behavior in Hereditary Prosopagnosia, the researchers concluded their main focus on the theory of face recognition and how different individuals viewed one another based on physical facial features alone. However researchers in the studied decided to look at individuals who had heredity prosopagnosia, (which is known for the inability to recognize different faces) seeing if there was a significant different between people recognizing faces with and without this defect.

The multi-colored and in depth vision that most humans and multiple organisms share today stem from a vast history of prior organisms being only able to capture light through their eye lenses in order to see at most only four to five colors including black and white. While it is true that most organisms today and prior have shared the same common tissues and functions that manufacture the anatomical structure of the eye, throughout the years and the environmental changes, the eye has adapted or mutated with it. The eye is made of opsin that is essential in the eye in order for the image and light extracted to be transferred to the brain to create an image; “Essentially, an opsin is a kind of molecule that conveys information from the outside of a cell to the inside” (Shubin