Computer Science And Information Technology

Using the bases labeled by Phred in a segment of DNA, Phrap builds a continuous sequence, which can later be fed to Consed. First, Phrap takes all the decoded segments generated by Phred at a given point and compares them for base accuracy, selecting the contigs with the highest possible scores, and then looks for overlapping base pairs since the DNA had been randomly shredded. Similar to Phred, Phrap assigns a score to each consensus sequence segment, which allows scientists to scrutinize and focus on any segment that lacks statistically significant scores. As with any computer program or research project, speed is essential, which is an area of high performance for Phrap. The program can assembly a two million base pair genome in as little as three hours (Alachiotis, Vogiatizi, Pavlidis, & Stamatakis,

U of T → Computer Scientist: Computer scientists are usually employed by businesses and government agencies to develop new products or solve computing problems. They typically investigate technological topics like artificial intelligence, robotics or virtual reality. Per year, computer scientists earn an average salary of $76,205.

The genome is the total genetic information carried by an organism. The 10K Genomes Initiative was the plan to sequence all DNA from 10000 species. The Human Genome Project established databases and refined analytical software to make data available on the Internet. Bioinformatics and genomics are two terms that are often hashed up. While bioinformatic is the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data, genomics is the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions the two are often confused. Next-Generation Sequencing is the different modern sequencing technologies. NCBI genbank is the NCBI database of sequences. Systems biology is used to define gene circuits and protein interaction networks. A

The computer is one of the greatest gifts from science. If we check history, “computer” was just a name of a job title. That name has transferred to a machine as we see computers in this generation. Then, Scientists have invented biocomputers with systems included to build out of genes, proteins, cells and O.R. operations. Biocomputers have become so advanced over the past few years. In 2000, first big innovations came to Boston University by James Collins and his colleagues. They have stitched together inhering genes to make a genetic switch. Also, synthetic biologists performed all basics Boolean operations of digital logic by creating genetic parts. In 2011, researchers programmed cells to communicate with each other through chemicals. Synthetic Biologists aimed to see the abilities of cells to run some programmes that they designed by biocomputers.

Computer science has changed the way we live our lives in many ways. From layman to professionals, computer science has touched everybody’s lives in some way or the other. Computer engineers strive to make our life faster, easier and more organized. The words of Steve Ballmer aptly sum up the vital importance of the sector today - ‘The number one benefit of information technology is that it empowers people to do what they want to do. It lets people be creative. It lets people be productive. It lets people learn things they didn't think they could learn before, and so in a sense it is all about potential.’ I feel privileged to be a part of this community that plays a major role in advancements of human lives. From being a jargon of the professionals in the past, computers and technology have now become the buzzword of every field – whether it is entertainment, business, production or medicine, computers are everywhere, making people’s jobs much easier and the end results of their efforts more reliable. In India particularly, the landscape of development in the last three decades has definitely been dominated by the IT sector. The sector has generated employment, created a new cadre of professionals, and placed India firmly on the world map. I believe that aspiring professionals from this sector will continue to have a definite role to play in India’s immediate future.

Genomics is the study of similarities and differences in genomes between living organisms, either between or within species, using experimental methods derived from the acquisition of entire genomes due to quicker and cost effect sequencing. There are two approaches to studying genomics comparative and functional genomics. Comparative genomics gives insight to the function of genes by comparing sequences to each other. This process can be done on single genes across species, a chromosomal region or even entire genomes across species. Similar sequences can then be compared across species to give an idea of gene conservation through evolution and its function can be inferred. This method nowadays uses genome annotation to identify genes and regulatory elements within stretches of DNA by computer. Genome annotation is a process of mapping genetic elements such as promoter elements, protein-coding regions, splice sites, and transposons to certain areas in the genome. Comparing these annotations within species allows for the prediction of gene and regulatory element locations are in the genome.

In any case, however, this method offers great advantages. For instance, researchers have found it to allow high density information to be stored in very small space. For instance, it is estimated that one gram of single-strand DNS could store as one Exabyte of data (Church, Gao, & Kosuri, 2012). Other scholars, such as Xiao, Lu, Qin, & Lai, (2006) reported that the use of DNA storage facilitates the use of DNA as information carrier and the modern biological technology as the main implementation tool that makes sequence hybridization and other techniques of isolation, synthetization, amplification, digestion and sequencing of DNA very easy. Other researcher, such as, Glenn (2011), indicated that this technology gave researchers like himself tools that are opening new avenues of investigation and developing techniques, which offer answers to long-standing ecological evolutionary curiosity.

DNA sequencing was first devised in 1975 which came about because DNA sequence consists of four different bases- A, T, C and G and the bases can be identified by DNA sequencing which allows analysis of genes at the nucleotide level.

The unzipping of the internal “instructions” which code for body function was discovered and the marvellous molecule of DNA and the genetic code was discovered for the first time in the 1900’s (Pray, 2008). Genetic sequencing is the method by which the building blocks of DNA, nucleotide base pairs, are ordered to create a gene instruction (Olsvik et al. 1993). These gene sequences can be used in comparison between different species to link any common genetic traits (Hedges & Kumar, 2002). In Hedges and Kumar article about vertebrate genomes it was found that Homo sapiens, Human beings, had a similar genome size compared to Pan troglodytes, the common chimpanzee. It was also found that because these animals were phylogenetically similar, there genomes were roughly the same size, but when compared to the genome sizes for more simpler anatomic animals such as Gallus gallus, the domestic fowl or chicken, or the Tetraodon nigrovirdis, spotted green pufferfish, there was a huge difference in genomic sizes with the chicken and pufferfish having substantially smaller genomic size (Hedges & Kumar, 2002). This again shows the evolution of genome size evolution in combination with the evolution of more complex anatomical structures. Molecular biology can be used in other ways such as tracking and comparing differences and similarities in protein structures in microstructures such as vessels or bone fragments. An example

In an ever-growing sea of bioinformatic data, Perl, among others has addressed a way of divulging, searching and storing to stay afloat. This huge amount of basic biological data is handled to make data readily available to perform statistical analyses and to share data with other users worldwide. It can save time through automation, writing a Perl program that can

Biologists and life science researchers have been increasingly facing the challenge of dealing with large amounts of biological data. For example, sequencing the human genome requires the computing power of processing highly complex algorithms that can only be achieved in computers. Computational biology and bioinformatics have a lot of things in common yet some parts not in common. Computational biology concerns about developing data-analytical modeling and computational simulation to study biological systems. On the other hand, bioinformatics involves how to extract, store, organize, analyze and visualize life-sciences data.

A thirty-three-year-old Asian man, called a genius with a master’s degree in computer science, was sitting on a comfortable wooden chair in his own room, staring at his laptop, and continued typing “cheap flights.” As the search result came out, he unthinkingly clicked one by one, visiting each website labelled Google-branded ads. Ultimately, he got a good deal from OneTravel.com with 15 percent off. He thought he was smart by choosing the stickiest websites, but he didn’t know his search alternatives were set by a Big Salesman, namely Google. The more he clicked, the more he increased Google’s advertising profits.

What is in I.T. (information technology) for me? Enrolled at the University of Cincinnati with a major in accounting and a recent interest in a minor in information systems; my career plans are working with some of the systems accountants are using today. Which, consequently, could place my career in either an I.T. department for an accounting firm or I could be a private accountant. The I.T. I plan on covering in accounting is software, and the different categories and types of accounting software that accountants work on.

Computer Science is the study of principals and how the computers works. Which leads to computer programming. What is computer programming? Well computer programing is a process that leads from an original formulation of computing problem to executable computer programs. You wonder why this is so important to everybody, but it is very important since things you will use in your daily life had to be programmed to be able to work. For example writing this paper I am using Microsoft Word which had to be programed so I can use it to write my papers. How many people knew that everything had to be coded for it to work?

Information is a key factor that plays a large role in the day-to-day activities within the health care sector. It is generated and processed by healthcare providers, such as physicians, nurses and hospitals as they provide care to their patients. However, managing that information and using it productively poses an ongoing challenge. It is especially challenging in the complexity of the U.S. health care sector, with its many different types of providers, services and settings for care (Congressional Budget Office, 2008). Information and communication Technologies (ICT) has the potential to greatly increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the health sector by assisting healthcare providers with managing information. It also has the potential to lead to better cost-efficiency in the health sector.