Citrate is known to prevent the agglutination of red blood cells while ConA on the other hand based on our experiment from Lab 7 we saw it was functional and was able to bind to our red blood cells. If ConA is able to agglutinate the cells that means it is biologically active. In our experiment we plated another variable by adding red blood cells and ConA and sugars to see whether the sugars interfered with ConA’s ability to bind we noticed that galactose did not interfere with the agglutination but mannose did interfere with the binding, acting as a competitive inhibitor. We know this was due to ConA’s specificity for mannose and glucose. In our experiment we had 9mLs of dilute ConA and we decreased the volume while increasing our concentration …show more content…
This is due to the fact that ConA binds to the sugars, raises the molecular weight, and causes them to clump and bind to each other. The addition of glucose to coagulant solution further enhances the clumping activity of the ConA which suggests that the addition of ConA and glucose to RBC having dilute citrate solution will cause the red blood cells to clump immediately. In general, if we add equal concentrations of ConA and glucose it seems likely that agglutination would occur even with the citrate presence. If we added equal amounts of ConA and galactose to a dilute suspension of citrated red blood cells in ConA buffer again it can be seen from our data that the addition of ConA and galactose to RBC causes clumping. RBCs + ConA + galactose —-> agglutination. This is due to the fact that the addition of glucose further to the surface sugars of RBCs which thus causes them to clump. It should also be noted that the anti-coagulant is present in low concentrations which should mean that its activity should be slow. Overall, this reaction shows immediate clumping which can be visualized even further by what we can actually see with our eyes with the thick red clump
Blood is a non-Newtonian fluid that contains many components. One such component is red blood cells. Due to the red blood cells having the tendency to clump together at low velocities, calcium chloride was added in order to cause a thrombus formation. The blood used in this experiment was sheep’s blood.
The specificity of albumin binding experiment was to determine the binding interactions that occur between serum albumin and three synthetic dyes with the use of electrophoretic procedure. Whole blood, or plasma. Clots upon standing and if the clot is removed, the remaining straw colored fluid is called serum. The major protein in serum is albumin which functions as a carrier molecule for the transport of certain small molecular weight compounds in blood. Molecules that bind to serum albumin are fatty acids, hormones and some synthetic dyes. In this experiment the synthetic dyes used are Bromophenol Blue, Ponceau S and Orange G. we observed that free dyes not bound to albumin migrate faster that albumin or dyes bound to albumin. This
The goal of this experiment is to determine the blood types of the samples given and to learn what interactions occurred to each blood type. Determining an individual’s blood type and how it reacts with Anti A, Anti-B, and Anti Rh serums played a crucial part in this experiment. The researcher concluded that agglutination (clumping) occurred in some of the blood samples. For example, Mr. Smith’s blood reacted with Anti-A and Anti-Rh serums (antibodies) allowing the researcher to determine the blood type is A. Mr. Jones’s blood reacted with Anti-B serum but it did not react to Anti-A or Anti Rh allowing the researcher to believe that the blood type is B. Mr. Green’s blood reacted with all serums and caused a reaction to occur resulting the blood type to be AB positive. Mr. Green’s blood also had a positive marker for Rh factor. However, Ms. Brown’s blood had no reaction at all and the researcher determined if no reaction occurred then the sample had no antigens but proved to have some antibodies, resulting in blood type to be O. The purpose of this experiment is to determine whose blood has type A, B, AB, or O.
Questions & Hypotheses There were two experiments that were conducted during the course of this lab. The first experiment was done to determine which of the created cell fractions would have the most mitochondria present. We had learned about the Citric Acid cycle in class, and the mitochondria is where the Citric Acid Cycle takes place. The mitochondria is a fairly small organelle, however there are smaller organelles, like ribosomes.
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of tonicity on a cell membrane using red blood cells, potato strips and three unknown solutions (A, B, C). First three slides were prepared containing RBC’s and unknown solutions A, B and C. A control slide was prepared only using RBC’s. After observing each slide under the microscope it was determined that unknown solution A was hypertonic because the RBC appeared to have shrunk. The RBC in unknown solution B appeared to be swollen, therefor, the tonicity of unknown solution B was hypotonic. Unknown solution C showed no change to the RBC shape, it was suggested that unknown solution C was isotonic. To confirm the tonicity
We tested water each time due to needing a solution to compare each tube to. When Benedict’s Reagent was added to unknown #2 and then boiled, the substance turned yellow indicating that a reducing sugar was present. After adding Lugol’s reagent to the unknown #2 there was no change in color, therefore the presenting the absence of polysaccharides. After adding Biuret reagent to the unknown #2 substance, the substance turned a light purple color; indicating the presence of protein in the unknown solution. Lastly, after adding the Sudan solution to the unknown #2 substance a pink mixed solution was present in the tube.
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CHM 1020 Elementary Organic Chemistry Laboratory September 11, 2015 Anette Huelskamp, Katlin May, Sara Rohrer Introduction: Many diets high in animal protein and salt, while low in fruits and vegetables, can lead to the disease hypocitraturia, or low urinary citrate excretion. Hypocitraturia is found in 20% to 60% of kidney stone formers. Forms of citrate can be administered to patients suffering from hypocitraturia and have been found to be effective in raising urinary citrate (Assimos and Zuckerman 2009). The objective for this lab was to determine the concentration of citric acid in drink samples formulated for treating individuals with hypocitraturia and determine which two would be best suited for market testing.
In a labeled glass tube, two drops of the suspension are mixed with one drop each of commercially prepared anti-A, anti-B and anti-D. After mixing, the tubes are centrifuges at low speed in a serofuge, the tubes are gently rocked/shaken so that the fluid flows across the pelleted RBCs. The pellet is observed carefully for agglutination using a magnified mirror. The reverse typing is accomplished in the same manner using two drops of patient serum and one drop of commercially prepared A1 cells and B cells. Figure 3 shows the criteria used for macroscopic grading of agglutination
In the gel filtration step, we began with a slurry of Bio-Gel P-100 beads suspended in 20 mM phosphate buffer (Equilibration buffer) and an upright column with a stopcock. We added enough of the Bio-Gel P-100 beads to the column until we reached a height of 4.7 cm, making sure not to allow the column to run dry and that the top of the beads column is flat. We then added the sample, a mixture of Blue Dextran (2 mg/ml, 2 MDa), Hemoglobin (2 mg/ml), Bovine Serum Albumin (2 mg/ml), and Yellow Food Coloring (5 μl/ml, ~500 Da) (Sheffield, 37). This was followed by another ~1 ml of equilibration
The first solution used is distilled water which is a hypotonic solution. In this situation, water will diffuse into the red blood cells causing them to expand and be round (as shown in the above results) and sometimes they may rapture as shown in the picture below:
Figure 1.3 (graph above) shows the amount of coacervates seen through a microscope at a temperature colder to room temperature. The x-axis shows the temperature of the solution. The y-axis shows the number of coacervates seen through a microscope at each temperature. Conclusion
The higher the glucose concentration the shorter the time taken for the potassium permanganate to decolourise from purple to colourless.
Six plastic cups were obtained and labeled 0.2 M, 0.4 M, 0.6 M, 0.8 M, and 1.0 M. Next, each of the six dialysis tubes were knotted on one end and filled with the sucrose samples, and then tied off. These samples were then dried by patting with a paper towel, weighed and placed into their corresponding cups. The mass of each sample was recorded in table 2 on the data sheet. Each cup was then
It is help us to understanding of how coagulation process occurs in vitro and interpretations of laboratory tests for coagulation system abnormalities(This is the reason they are used so far). But there are Disadvantages in thes model.