Concept Analysis : Pain And Pain Essay

1. It is important that we take into consideration, areas other than physical pain and have an holistic approach. Pain is whatever the person who is suffering it feels it to be. Physical pain can be experienced as a result of disease or injury, or some other form of bodily distress. For example childbirth. Although not associated with injury or disease, but can be an extremely painful experience. Pain can also be social, emotional and spiritual as well as just physical.

First pain is an everyday experiences that is expressed through the use of language and is then legitimized (Waddie, 1996). If a patient as a history of depression or chronic pain they have pain every day and the concept is used to help explain their pain. As nurse we use the concept of pain to find a base line of the pain and to assess new pain. In surgical patients they may have multiple types of pain from the incision, emotional, and history. The concept educates the nurse of the different form that pain can present itself. Pain can also guide how we treat the patient. Emotional pain would not be treated with the “so know pain pills”, but with talking or listening to patient. Concept of pain also address the different form of patient and how the nurse and patient response to it. If a patient is having somatic pain from an incision the nurse could react by applying heat or ice. Pain is what the patient says it is.

“Pain is much more than a physical sensation caused by a specific stimulus. An individual's perception of pain has important affective (emotional), cognitive, behavioral, and sensory components that are shaped by past experience, culture, and situational factors. The nature of the stimulus for pain can be physical, psychological, or a combination of both.” (Potter, Perry, Stockert, Hall, & Peterson, 2014 p. 141) As stated by Potter et al, the different natures of pain are dealt with differently depending on many factors. Knowing this, treating pain can be very difficult as there is no single or clear cut way of measuring it; “Even though the assessment and treatment of pain is a universally important health care issue,

To most people, pain is a nuisance, but to others pain controls their life. The feeling discomforts us in ways that can sometimes seem almost imaginable. These feelings can lead to many different side effects if not dealt with or diagnosed. These effects can include depression, anxiety, and incredible amount of stress. The truth about pain is that it is vital to our existence. Without the nervous system responding to pain, we would have no idea if we were touching a hot stove, being stuck by a porcupine’s needles, or something else that could leave a lasting effect upon our bodies without us even knowing anything about it.

Children are taken to the emergency department for various reasons, but pain is one of the most common. Habich and Letizia state, “Despite the high frequency of pain, pediatric patients are often not appropriately assessed for pain.” Nurses and other medical personnel failing to properly assess the pain in the emergency department is a problem that needs to be fixed. To resolve this problem, Habich and Letizia decided to conduct an evidence based protocol to review what ways the program needed to review.

Some major components of postoperative pain investigations are often asked and recognizing that most patients, who suffer from postoperative pain, relieve it by verbal grievances or nonverbal behaviors after surgery. IV Ketorolac (Toradol) and IV Acetaminophen (Tylenol) are two non-opioid medications, whose administration combined with analgesics addresses multimodal therapy. By understanding what their pharmacologic profiles are, analgesic potentials, combinations with opioids, their limitations and the considerations such as the ease of administrations postoperative pain relief outcomes can be effective and controlled.

In order to fully answer this question, it is important to understand the definition of pain. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage” (Mersky and Bogduk ed 1994). The physiological function of the pain sensory system is protective in nature, to shield the body from actual or potential tissue damage. Pathological pain, on the other hand, is described as “spontaneous pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia, that persist for years or decades after all possible tissue healing has occurred” (Coderre et al 1993).

Pain is described by Siddall as, “an unpleasant sensory and/or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms

In the neonatal intensive care unit, pain is something to be expected. The question is, when the neonate is in pain will the nursing staff recognize it and how will they try to compensate for it? Infants in their first few weeks of life can go through incredibly painful procedures at a time where any amount of stress to the body can negatively impact their abilities to survive. In the past, pain has not been held in high regards for neonates due to a lack of understanding in their development.Fortunately, there are now laws in place by The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations that state that there are standards for pain and stress management that each hospital has to follow.Effective management of pain during procedures and after procedures are highly important to improve acute and long-term outcomes while focusing on minimizing the neonate’s behavioral and physiological stress.

Barriers to effective management of post-operative pain are the clinicians insufficient knowledge in pain assessment and management skills (Dunwoody et al., 2008, Gillaspie, 2010; Gupta et al., 2009; Michaels, 2006; Polomano et al., 2008), as well as negative misperceptions and biases from clinicians such as nursing staff, often prevent the provision of adequate pain control.

Although there is increased awareness of pain management in adult patients [20, 21], pain management in pediatric patients should be given a high priority by all health care professionals through advocating for optimal use of comforting strategies that reduce pain distress during painful procedures[3, 21]. However, our study demonstrated the use of few evidence based comforting strategies for pediatric pain management during IV line insertion by the participating health care providers at the Mulago national referral and teaching hospital. This may be attributable to the fact that the hospital receives many visiting professors annually who may be the source of information for practice change as they participate in the care of patients.

What is happening during a painful experience? Two classes of pain have been delineated: nociceptive pain and neuropathic pain. The latter division involves only direct injury to nerves in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Tissues containing specialized sensory receptors, called nociceptors, are activated by noxious stimuli and have been discovered to exist in almost all multicellular animals on Earth, as well as in some bacteria (2). Nociceptors are most abundant in superficial areas of the skin, joint capsules, inside the periostea of bones, and around vessel walls (3).

These new developments in medical and nursing research concludes that the previous beliefs regarding infant pain perception in preterm and term neonates have led to inadequate pain relief in these populations during painful procedures in the hospital environment. This means that many infants undergo procedures where they experience prolonged exposure to pain or multiple exposures to painful stimuli. This has been known to cause a hyperalgesia effect in which the neonate will have a more vigorous response to the painful stimulus compared to previous responses (Murkis & Subramanian, 2011). It is important to address the neonatal pain response during painful procedures because it would be unethical to continue to perform such procedures without utilizing adequate pain reduction measures.

Pain, a state no one wants to be in. The scientific definition by the International Association for the Study of Pain is referred as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.”

After the children were randomised, the investigators initiated a pre-procedural questionnaire for the caregiver(s)/parent(s) which rates the “expectations of their child’s pain during, prior, and after their procedures as well as their own using the following: the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) and the Children’s Fear Scale.