Concept Analysis Pain Management

pain is the usual cause for persons to look for treatment. Inadequate pain management can cause delay in healing process. It can also leads to prolonged hospital stay. The acute pain management theory describe how nurse can manage pain with minimal effects from the pharmacological interventions and use of alternative methods of pain management (Good &Moore, 1996) The main factors are in the management of pain are Pharmacological, non-pharmacological, patient participation, education and different interventions. Effective pain management involves the application of non-pharmacological interventions and usage of pain medications. (McEwen & Willis, 2014). The pain management theory deals with management of pain in daily basis. It offers the knowledge about alternate methods in pain

Children have multiple or prolonged exposure to trauma, experience various symptoms and reactions, and long for progressive techniques to heal their pain.

Did your child have less or more mouth pain after surgery? Did eating get better, worse, or the same? Was your child able to sleep better or worse after surgery? Was your child more happy or cranky?

It has been documented that children undergoing surgery and their families experience high levels of distress and perioperative anxiety. Stress and perioperative anxiety have the potential to cause more harm on post-surgical healing, in consideration of both physical and mental health, if not addressed promptly and properly. Child Life Specialists are pediatric healthcare professionals who are able to provide interventions to help reduce anxiety and increase developmental growth within pediatric patients, provide family centered care, and facilitating therapeutic play interventions for pediatric patients, all the while in the hospital environment (Child Life Council, 2014). Child life specialists are able to meet these values and missions to create a standard of practice that the American Pediatric Association recommends in all pediatric healthcare settings (Child Life Council, 2014). Typically, when child life specialists are working with pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia for surgical procedures they are able to participate as a part of the multidisciplinary health team to provide family centered care and increase a patient and their families understanding on the medical procedure at hand. A common intervention for pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia for surgical procedures include medical play and medical preparation sessions.

Pain is formally identified as a problem of global proportions by WHO and postoperative pain is one of the most common types of pain that has raised a public health concern by various societies in Australia, USA and Europe. It affects roughly 40% of surgical patients who experiencing a moderate to severe pain. It is important that graduate RNs have the knowledge and clinical skills to care for these patients as management of acute post-op pain has posed a significant challenge in surgical specialities for the past 50 years.

Children often fear medical procedures especially ones that are invasive and elicit large amounts of pain and discomfort. For this reason, it is important to prepare children prior to them starting an invasive medical procedure. The objective of

Trauma has caused hospitalized pediatric patients to become uneasy and anxious with no additional support. Thus, Child Life Services (CLS) is being proposed to Highland Hospital, as it does not currently offer any therapeutic consultations to pediatric patients and families to help ease traumatic feelings. CLS essentially provide a variety of different therapeutic programs to distract hospitalized children from pain, stress and being traumatized after medical procedures.

This article contributes by defining all the major points that the nurse must know and identify to give the best possible care to the patient and their family. During the post-surgery period, the patient is just coming out of the anesthesia and may be a little sore from the surgery and the family may be unsteady not knowing what all is happening with the surgery and the post-surgery. It is during this period that the nurse must also be able to deal with those fears, and uncertainties that the patient and family have to answer everyone’s needs and maintain their composure (Silva et al,

They also tie in closely with the psychological effects which develop as the treatment progresses. In one study conducted by Enskar and von Essen, it was found that in most 8 to 12 year olds, pain came from the diagnostic procedures and treatments. There were comparisons between children who were receiving treatment at the moment and those who had completed it. Of the children who were receiving treatment, they had more problems with hair loss and nausea compared to those who had completed the treatment (Enskar & von Essen, 2008, pp. 37, 39). During the duration of the treatment, the patients typically felt the physical effects even more compared to when it was completed. There is also a distinct comparison between which effects are emphasized between school aged children and adolescents. Children felt weak and tired physically while adolescents felt fatigue mentally and emotionally (Hooke, Garwick, & Gross, 2011, p.

If the infant is showing extreme discomfort and crankiness, the pain can be treated with over-the-counter medication. Infant acetaminophen can be used to help with the pain, and ibuprofen can be used to help with both swelling and discomfort. Be sure to use the dosage that is accurate for the infant’s weight, and to use as directed. Talk with a pediatrician about concerns, and about rotating the medications.

Pediatric pain management is measured subjectively because it is based off of what the patient says or how the nurse interprets the pain scale. Pain is rated using different scales, unfortunately these different scales could yield different results. Nurses are trained to use pediatric pain scales to analyze and treat pain but parents are not supplied with the tools to manage pain when the patient goes home. With 84% of all pediatric surgical procedures performed on an outpatient basis, the importance of teaching parents how to assess for and manage pain has become more important than ever (Rony, Fortier, Chorney, Perret, & Kain, 2010). According to Rony’s et al. (2010) study, it is apparent that pediatric pain is not being treated effectively. The study showed that 58.8% of children were receiving less than the daily recommended does prescribed by the pediatrician (p.1). Results of the study also showed that parents had false assessments on if their child was actually in pain. 36% of parents believed that if their child was in pain, they would cry out for the parent , 30% agreed that their child would always tell them if they are in pain, while 22% said that the child would report their pain immediately (Rony, Fortier, Chorney, Perret, & Kain, 2010, ). Children do not always verbalize when they are in pain. Sometimes the pain can be so intense that a child is unable to talk. If the child catches on to the parents negative perception of pain medications, the child may not

If the pain is not controlled at early age, it has a negative effect on the nociceptive processing response for the rest of their lives. Pain assessment is the tool to detect pain early and a means to prevent or reduce its episodes. Assessing pain in a prompt manner, and in the right way, should identify the presence of pain, its severity, effectiveness, and right interventions. These may be based on self-reports or observational/behavioral and physiological reports. In self-reporting, pain is subjective and based on the cognitive development of the child. A pre-verbal child in pain will need to be assessed through observational/behavioral and physiological clues such as the CRIES acronym (Crying, Requires oxygen administration, increased

Quality pain management is an ongoing, interdisciplinary process that encompasses clinically important outcomes in postoperative patients in both early and long-term recovery, however, quality is compromised because pain it is suggested that pain is vastly under-treated in the postoperative setting (329). Nurses routinely perform comprehensive pain assessments, pain screenings, patient response to treatment, and develop plans of care that include the patient and their families with the ultimate goal of decreasing healing time, avoiding of adverse effects, and increasing satisfaction with the care received (329). While these goals are admirable, they are increasingly difficult to achieve because pain assessment is ambiguous and dependent on

In today’s health care a major problem is the management of pain after surgical procedures. The purpose of this paper is to improve the quality of pain management for post-operative patients by integrating more non-pharmacological and holistic techniques. Gélinas, Arbour, Michaud, Robar, and Côté described non-pharmacological interventions as interventions that do not involve the use of medications to relieve pain (2013). Pain is a subjective experience. Gélinas et al. found that pain often goes undertreated in patients which can contribute to physical, emotional, and psychological distress (2013). This distress increases anxiety and can interfere with the healing process. Pain is often worsened by anxiety and fear (Comeaux & Steele-Moses, 2013). Therefore, reducing anxiety can also aid in reducing pain. The most often used intervention for pain management is the use of drug therapy. However, drug therapy alone is not effective. For example, on the South 3 West unit of Holyoke Medical Center patients still report pain levels of 9 and 10 on the numerical pain scale even after receiving pain medication. There are also risks to relying solely on drug therapy. Prolonged use of analgesics can cause harmful side effects to the patient, such as decreased respiratory rate. Non-pharmacological interventions could decrease the need for medications. Adding non-pharmacological interventions to pain therapy is effective and reliable because the interventions are safe and relatively

The most common reason that people seek medical care is pain, and pain is the leading cause of disability (Peterson & Bredow, 2013, p. 51; National Institute of Health, 2010). Pain is such an important topic in healthcare that the United States congress “identified 2000 to 2010 as the Decade of Pain Control and Research” (Brunner L. S., et al., 2010, p. 231). Unfortunatelly, patients are reporting a small increase in satisfaction with the pain management while in the hospital (Bernhofer, 2011). Pain assessment and treatment can be complex since nurses do not have a tool to quantify it. Pain is considered the fifth vital sign, however, we do not have numbers to guide our interventions. Pain is a subjective expirience that cannot be shared easily. Since nurses spend more time with patients in pain than any other healthcare provider, nurses must have a clear understanding of the concept of pain (Brunner, et al., 2010). Concept analysis’ main objective is to clarify ideas, to enhance critical thinking, and to promote communication (Rodgers & Knafl, 2000). This paper will examine the concept of pain using Wilson’s Steps of Concept Analysis (Rodgers & Knafl, 2000).