Concurrent Training

All athletes regardless of age, gender, genetics or sport can benefit from effective training. It is important that the selected training improves the body’s ability to perform tasks associated with the chosen

(2014). A Consideration of the Paradigm of Exercise Physiology. Research In Sports Medicine, 22(3), 314-322.

Resistance training is an exercise that exploits progressive resistance movements, typically with free weights or weight machines, to build strength or muscle endurance (Mood et al 2003). Weight training has become very popular in recent years and is now used for a variety of reasons including performance enhancement, competitive weight lifting and to increase physical fitness (Mood et al 2003). Interval training involves a repeated series of exercise work bouts interspersed with rest of relief periods. This is a popular method among athletes because it allows the athlete to exercise at higher relative intensities during the work interval than are possible with longer-duration, continuous training (Heyward 2002). The intensity can vary from

For example many people will show an improvement in strength from the first session to the second session. This improvement is due to CNS adaptation because there is no hypertrophic gain during this short period. Another example which proves the importance of CNS adaptations related to strength gains is that strength performance may increase by 30% while hypertrophic gains may only be 15%, thus half of the strength gains is attributable to CNS adaptations. Generally in the first few months of strength training CNS adaptations account for a larger percentage of the strength gain than hypertrophic adaptations. To illustrate the importance of CNS adaptations in the early part of training, it should be noted that electrical stimulation can increase the rate of strength gains. Hypertrophy is an important factor in improved strength performance. Strength training brings about an increase in the size and number of myofibrils. It is speculated that during and following a high intensity strength training session the neuroendocrine responses will bring about an increased amino acid uptake and will increase the rate of protein synthesis. Optimal hypertrophic gains require adequate recovery between workouts to permit the rate of protein synthesis to exceed the rate of protein degradation. It should also be noted that strength training also stimulates bone and

According to the results, the time of prior exercise and the average number of cycles after the exercise were inversely proportional. The time of prior exercise assumed to be approximately proportional to the amount of exercise. Also, the number of cycles presumed to be inversely proportional to muscle fatigue. This is because greater muscle fatigue would prevent faster rate of muscle contraction, this would result in performing a lower number of cycles during a given period. Hence, based on the graph, it was inferred that the amount of previous exercise and muscle fatigue would have a positive linear relationship. This implies that as the amount of previous exercise increased the macule fatigue increased accordingly.

We only ran one trial of continuous and intermittent so we have limited data to work with. Participants acted as their own control, and even though a 20-minute rest was allowed in between exercise bouts fatigue will have an effect. We know this because whichever exercise participants performed seconds they could not exercise for as long. We did not separate the trained from untrained and it is possible that fitness level could affect recovery time. So we can assume that those who were able to recovery quicker had a greater rest period, and were therefore able to exercise for longer and generate more work regardless of what bout they performed second. This would have impactions in our final discovery, and with no control group or multiple trials we cannot be sure of the

Spectators at sporting events come to watch athletes compete at their best during a game or meet. However, there is more to sports than just “playing the game”, “running the course”, “performing”, or whatever the case may be. Athletes understand how important sport specific workouts are; cross country is one sport that focuses on this. Most people think that “all you do is run”, although running is indeed the task, it takes a combinations of different workouts to build up an athlete’s body in order to be race ready. It is beneficial for cross country runners to do workouts that focus on speed, strength, and endurance.

Implementing cross training modalities as a form of injury prevention is a common practice among endurance runners. Lower extremity injury rates among runners have been observed at rates between 19.4% and 79.3% annually, specifically categorized as chronic overuse injuries (van Gent, et al., 2007; Hoeberigs, J.H., 1992). Additionally, it is suggested that approximately 60% of chronic injuries can be attributed to increasing training volume too suddenly (Hreljac, 2004). It has been thought that multiple different cross training modalities can be a reasonable low-impact substitute of aerobic exercise (Burns, & Lauder, 2001; Lu, Chien and Chen, 2007; Kilding, Scott, and Mullineax, 2007). Many methods of cross training have been used as a substitute to running, including elliptical exercise (EE), deep water running (DWR), swimming, and stationary cycling (Foster et al., 1995; Lu et al., 2007; Pizza et al., 1995; Sozen, 2010). When coaches and rehabilitation specialists prescribe certain forms of cross training, many factors must be considered when deciding which will be most beneficial. The specificity of training principles suggests that relevant activities should be done in order to gain results in the primary activity. Cross training is an activity that is used to improve the performance of one sport by training in an additional one, contrary to what the specificity principle would imply for preferred practices (Kilding, Scott, & Mullineaux, 2007; Masumoto, Bryon, & Mercer,

(2004) and Dorling and Earnest (2003) studies are very well designed with few factors that could have significantly influenced the results. The explicit difference between both studies is the different type of exercise that was used in order to evaluate the effect of CMR on performance. Along the other previously cited studies, it seems clear that in the majority of cases, CMR has a nonsignificant effect on high intensity interval exercise unlike longer periods of exercise ( >30 minutes), where CMR shows to have an ergogenic effect on performance. Despite those results, relatively few studies have been conducted on this subject. There are still many unsettled areas such as the implication of the CNS, which makes it hard to adopt a definitive position. In order to help elucidate this theme, further research should be done especially regarding the CNS, which seems to have the missing

It is vitally important that elite athletes train outside competition to maximise their potential which will lead to collective and individual rewards. Regular exercise stated by McConnell and Hull (2011 p.734) can “increase muscle fibre which improves power and improves anaerobic metabolism- the ability to to generate ATP” (Adenosine triphosphate). This piece of work, using academic sources will look at one component of fitness, the physiological demands of the chosen sport, the performance profile of the athlete involved, performance and competition objectives and finally the main annual training programme itself which interoperates all the exercises, Periodisation and Progression.

This article is about the typical time when sports scientists start to struggle with manipulating the training load. It is widely recognized that appropriate periodization of training is fundamental for optimal performance in sports. Now days, it has been very difficult to quantify the training loads in team sports players due to the difficulty in measuring the various types of stress encountered during training and competition.

Alternating work and recovery periods during intense exercise also allow depleted ATP and PC stores to be replenished, along with oxygen myoglobin stores. Long interval protocols allow alactic energy systems to reuse energy via the glycolytic energy system, reducing the need to utilise energy. However, as this energy system is involved blood lactate and lactic acid are increased resulting in higher levels of muscle fatigue (Seiler, Joranson, Olesen & Heltelid, 2013). In addition, for optimal training stimulus high intensities for prolonged periods of time, and or long intervals cannot be sustained without implementing recovery periods (Rønnestad, Hansen, Vegge, Tønnessen & Slettaløkken, 2015). Short interval protocols allow the athlete to achieve

Recently, a study done by Hakan Westerblad explored why HIIT training is effective in terms of building muscular endurance. He and his team analyzed muscle samples from participants engaging in High-Intensity Interval Training. The participants “…alternated between pedaling a stationary bike for 30 seconds at top intensity and resting for three minutes six times.” (Park, A. (2015, November 03). Interval Training: Scientists Explain Why It Works.)

Resistance training involves the use of static and dynamic muscle movements with the tension of an external load. Resistance training (RT) is widely used to elicit muscle hypertrophy and increases in muscle strength with the objectives of enhancing performance such increased muscle force, increased muscle mass and power (McGuigan, Wright, & Fleck, 2012). Athletes use resistance training in many aspects to aid their performance in particular sports, such as making them a faster, stronger and more powerful athlete. Resistance training leads to neural and hypertrophic adaptations responsible for improved strength, neural adaptations occur such as increased motor unit recruitment and increased motor unit firing frequency. These neural adaptations

Clinical sports medicine has been greatly impacted by exercise physiology for a number of reasons, but most importantly has made improvements in enhancing athletic performance through methods that facilitate prevention and allow proper treatment for sports-related injury, along with testing that can give insight to further the success of athletes. Clinical physiologists focus on exercise design and determine how