Congenital Birth Defects

Meiosis results in four daughter cells (gametes) which have half the number of chromosomes of the original cell. They are therefore called haploid cell

Response Feedback: Meiosis occurs only in replicating gametes or reproducing cells. In phase one, the number of chromosomes is reduced by half but the chromatid pairs remain together. In phase two, the chromatids split apart forming four daughter cells. Non-germ cells such as red blood cells or skin cells undergo mitosis.For more information on this topic, consult:Carol Mattson Porth and Glen Matfin, Pathophysiology, 8th Edition,

In mitosis the chromosomes align and then split in two where they replicate the original cell. The only stage of mitosis creates daughter diploids

Cell division is a process that is essential to the reproduction, survival, and improvement of many eukaryotes. Many things about cell division are still unknown, and each day scientists begin to understand more about why something they already knew happened, happened. Such as the underlying reactions and thermodynamics that motivate something to do what it does without intelligence (Khan Academy). There are two types of cell division under this category, and they are mitosis and meiosis. Although they fall under the same category, they have similarities and dissimilarities. To avoid confusion and for better understanding they will be discussed in pairs (similar-dissimilar), and there may be some overlap in points as this is the nature of the subject matter.

The interphases of meiosis are similar to the interphase of mitosis. G phases are times of cell growth and preparation for division. The first division, meiosis 1. Consist of the following. Prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1. The nuclear envelope starts to break down during prophase 1 of meiosis and microtubules are assembled. Previously replicate chromosomes are condensed to help them move around the cell without being tangled. These condensed chromosomes can only be seen under a microscope. The homologous pairs of chromosomes exchange genetic information. This is called crossing over. The homologous pairs line up in the center of the cell during metaphase 1. Near the

In prophase, chromosomes begin to condense while the nucleoli and nuclear membranes fragmented. Metaphase begins with complete nuclear membrane fragmentation. Chromosomes will attach to the kinetochore microtubules, which extend from the centrioles and align the chromosomes at the center of the cell. Anaphase will begin to shorten microtubules drawing one chromatid to each pole of the cell. Telophase will decondense the nuclear membrane fragments in order to go through cytokinesis and form two new daughter cells. Throughout the entire mitosis cell cycle the number of different sets of chromosomes remained the same, 2n. The number of different set of genes began with 2N, increased to 4N and then ended with 2N at the end of the

Mitosis is when atomic division in addition to cytokinesis, and produces two indistinguishable little girl cells amid prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase,and cytokinesis. Which a phone copies into two hereditarily indistinguishable girl cells. In mitosis, chromosomes in the cell core are differentiated into two indistinguishable arrangements of chromosomes, each in its own core. Interphase is incorporated in mitosis discussions,but it is not actually piece of mitosis yet rather ecompasses stages G1,S,and G2 of the cell cycle.

Congenital disease has been defined as “the art and science of the responsible and realistic application of health and disease-related genetics and genomics knowledge and technologies in human populations (communities) to the benefit of individual persons. Congenital disease is the disease occurs at birth or even before birth. According to WHO, it is estimated 276 000 babies die within 4 weeks of birth every year, worldwide, from congenital anomalies. Congenital anomalies can result in long-term disability, which may have significant impacts on individuals, families, health-care systems and societies. The most common severe congenital anomalies are heart defects, neural tube defects and Down syndrome. Although congenital anomalies may be genetic,

In our mitosis microscope lab, the phase that was most identified was prophase, with a total of 49 times for mine. During prophase, there is a lot that must be accomplished before the actual division of chromosomes including but is not limited to: the breakdown of the nuclear membrane, condensation of chromosomes, and the synthesis of spindles. Prophase can take up as much as 50-60% of the total time required to complete mitosis; it spends around 20 minutes in the cell. In prophase, the chromatin condenses into double rod-shaped structures referred to as chromatin, in which the chromatin becomes visible. There are two identical copies of each chromosome in the cell also known as the sister chromatids. The sister chromatids are attached to

The end goal of meiosis includes twice as many daughter cells as mitosis; therefore, there is a second cell division involve similar stages. Interphase is different in meiosis than in mitosis because each individual homologue is replicated instead of replicating one chromosome. Mitosis involves the replication of somatic cells that are haploid; whereas, meiosis involves the manufacturing of gametes that are genetically haploid. In prophase I paired homologues are attracted to one another at the synapsis and a process called crossing over takes place. Crossing over involves a genetic rearrangement of DNA of the same segments. Otherwise prophase 1 is similar to prophase in mitosis. In metaphase I chromosomes line up in homologous pairs, otherwise this stage is similar to metaphase in mitosis. Anaphase I, Telophase I, and cytokinesis is the same in meiosis as in mitosis except, two haploid cells form with each chromosome still consisting of two sister chromatids. The second stage of meiosis involves all the same steps except there is no crossing over involves because each cell is now genetically haploid. The set of sister chromatids undergoes prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis. The sister chromatids finally separate resulting in four haploid daughter cells containing unduplicated chromosomes. In prophase I crossing over took place, and this results in each chromosome being genetically different in each of the four daughter

Mitosis is the process in which the duplicated genome in a cell is separated into halves that are identical, which results in the growth and development of new cells. Mitosis can occur without cytokinesis, forming single cells with multiple nuclei (Ex: certain fungi and slime moulds). Mitosis occurs in four phases, one of which is Cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the process where the cytoplasm of the cell divides to form two daughter cells and ensures that the chromosome numbers are maintained in the cell. During Cytokinesis, the cytoplasm of a cell is divided into two. The result is the formation of two daughter cells, each having a nucleus. Apart from the nuclei, Cytokinesis also results in the passing of cellular organelles equally between the two daughter cells. Since some of the molecules bind to the chromosomes, each daughter cell receives an equal share of the cytoplasmic components. Mitosis involves the division and duplication of the cell’s nucleus or separation of duplicated chromosomes whereas cytokinesis involves the division of the cytoplasm to form two distinct, new daughter cells. Mitosis also takes more time to complete than cytokinesis

Not just is mitosis in charge of abiogenetic propagation in single-celled life forms, however it is likewise what empowers cell development and repair in multicellular living beings, for example, people. In mitosis, a cell makes a precise clone of itself. This procedure is what is behind the development of youngsters into grown-ups, the recuperating of cuts and wounds, and even the regrowth of skin, appendages, and members in creatures like geckos and reptiles. Meiosis is a more particular kind of cell division (of germ cells, specifically) that outcomes in gametes, either eggs or sperm, that contain half of the chromosomes found in a guardian cell. Not at all like mitosis with its numerous capacities, meiosis has a slender yet critical reason: helping sexual multiplication. The procedure empowers youngsters to be connected yet at the same time not the same as their two guardians. (Westbroek,

Mitosis and meiosis are both types of cell divisions that have various similarities and differences. They comparably associate with cytokinesis and form daughter cells however, meiosis occurs in primordial diploid cells in animals, plants and fungi, whilst mitosis takes place in somatic cells in every organism (Vidyasagar. A, 2015). Meiosis differs from mitosis as it undergoes a process known as DNA recombination, during which genetic material interchange with chromosomes or various regions of the same chromosome. DNA recombination is a common source of genetic variation. Mitosis is the continuous process by which the body creates new cells to repair damaged or aging membranes, fibers and tissues (Clare O'Connor, 2008). The end result of mitosis are two genetically identical diploid daughter cells, which develop from the single parent cell dividing. Conversely, the meiosis cell divides into four haploid gametes each possessing half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell (Alberts. B, 2010).

The changes in the cell become more noticeable. The chromosomes become coiled and can be viewed under a microscope. Each chromosome that was duplicated is a pair of sister chromatids joined by the duplicated but unseparated centromere. The nucleolus in the cell disappears in this stage of mitosis. The cytoplasm is also involved in prophase. The mitotic spindle of the cytoplasm consists of microtubules. The microtubules form between two pairs of centrioles as they move to opposite poles of the cell. At the end of this phase, the nuclear envelope disappears.

Meiosis I starts with interphase I where these chromosomes are duplicated. Prophase I starts with homologous chromosomes pairing up and exchange tetrads, which is where crossing over can take place. In metaphase I the tetrads line up along the metaphase plate randomly producing independent assortment. Anaphase I is where pairs of homologous chromosomes split up. Telophase I cytokinesis occurs and 2 non identical daughter split, and 2 haploid cells form. Meiosis II starts with prophase II where the nuclear envelope breaks down. Metaphase II occurs as sister chromatids align on the metaphase plate. Anaphase II happens as the sister chromatids separate, yielding single chromosomes. Telophase II occurs as the nuclear envelope forms and cytokinesis