Consider Capital Asset Pricing Model

In capital market, people are always seeking for the best investment project. They want to use the least cost to earn the most money. In another way, people always try to find the connection between the risk of an investment and its expected return. Nowadays, the most widely used model is CAPM. CAPM is Capital Asset Pricing Model. CAPM was funded by Jack Treynor (1962), William Sharpe (1964), John Lintner (1965a, b) and Jan Mossin (1966) (Dempsey, 2013). And it is the birth of asset pricing theory. The term ‘CAPM’ illustrates that it can give a proper solution to find the connection between risk and the expected return of the market portfolio under uncertainty conditions (Brealey, Myers and Allen, 2011). It is important for some researchers to help their decision making in capital market. This essay contains four parts. This essay examines firstly is giving a summary theory of CAPM. The second part will talk about the CAPM’s uses and limitations in evaluating the potential investment in a firm’s shares. The third part will talk about limitations and how CAPM to be used as a source of discount rate in capital budgeting for the firm’s direct investments. The forth part will give a conclusion about this essay.

So, the cost of capital of any investment opportunity equals the expected return of available investments with the same beta. This estimate is

‘The Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a very useful model and it is used widely in the industry even though it is based on very strong assumptions. Discuss in the light of recent developments in the area.’

The analysis of this paper will derive the validity of the Fama and French (FF) model and the efficiency of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The comparison of the Fama and French Model and CAPM (Sharpe, 1964 & Lintner, 1965) uses real time data of stock market to practise its efficacy. The implication of the function in realistic conditions would justify the utility of the CAPM theory. The theory suggests that the expected return demanded by investors on a risky asset depends on the risk-free rate of interest, the expected return on the market portfolio, the variance of the return on the market portfolio, and

Investors always seek for a way that they can get back greatest return while enjoying minimized risk. Instead of investing in a single asset, holding a portfolio is obviously less risky. However, how to select the best portfolio among tens of thousands of assets in today’s financial market? The stringent need of investors promote the raising of modern portfolio theory. In 1952, Harry Markowitz [1] established the fundamental model of modern portfolio theory: the Markowitz model, also called the mean-variance model. This model aimed to achieve a tradeoff between the expected return and the risk of return. As shown in Figure 1, among all efficient portfolios, the efficient frontier consisted of all those with highest return at each given risk level. C_1,C_2,and C_3 were the investors indifference curves which showed that traders prefer portfolios with high return or low risk. The tangent point R of the highest indifference curve and the efficient frontier gave the optimized portfolio.

This paper will first look at Dividend Growth Model and Capital Asset Pricing Model theory, then discussing the advantages and disadvantages when apply each of the model. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate each method and examine which is the most suitable method to calculate the cost of equity finance.

Capital asset pricing model was developed by Sharpe (1964) and furthered through the works of Lintner (1965), Mossin (1966), Treynor (1965) and Black (1972). This model calculates expected/required rate of return for any risky financial asset. Capital Asset Pricing Model formula is shown in figure 1.1. Essentially, this represents investors need to be compensated for their time value of money and risk. Beta is measure of volatility and will be further examined in later stages of this essay. For example, if our particular company has a high standard deviation of the rate of return, an investment in the company might appear

CAPM model builds on the model by Markowitz(1959).Markowitz assumes investors to be rational and risk averse. The model is one period model in which investor chooses portfolio at time t-1 in anticipation of stochastic return in period t. He uses mean variance criterion that states that investor will either choose highest expected return portfolio for given level of variance or lowest variance for a given level of expected returns

Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) was developed in 1964 based on Modern Portfolio Theory. CAMP widely used in investment decisions and financial areas of the company. The main research of CAMP are the relationship between expected rate of return and risk assets in the stock market, as well as how the equilibrium price formation. In terms of the valuation of assets, CAPM primarily used to determine whether the securities market be mispricing. Capital Asset Pricing Model measure risk by non-diversified variance, it linked risk and expected return, any non-diversified risk assets can be described by the value of β, then calculate the expected rate of return. Rate of return required by investors is equals to the discount rate. The limitation of CAPM are: CAPM assumptions inconsistent with the actual; CAPM Should apply only to capital assets, human assets may not be traded; Estimated β coefficient represents the past of variation, but investors are concerned about the security volatility of future price; In the actual situation, the risk-free asset and the market portfolio may not exist.

Richard Roll, and University and Auburn, University of Washington, and University of Chicago educated economist, began his career researching the effect of major events of stock prices. This experience likely helped him reach the two conclusions he makes in his 1977 “A Critique Of The Asset Pricing Theory’s Tests”, one of the earliest and most influential arguments against CAPM. In the paper, Roll makes two major claims: that CAPM is actually a redundant equation that just further proves the concept of mean-variance efficiency, and that it is impossible to conclusively prove CAPM. His first claim relates to mean-variance efficiency: the idea that mathematically one must be able to create a portfolio that offers the most return for a given amount of risk. Roll claims that all CAPM is doing is testing a portfolio’s mean variance efficiency, and not actually modeling out projected future returns. The second claim in the paper is that there is not enough data about market returns for CAPM to ever prove conclusive. Even if modern technologies could help alleviate some of the burden of testing market returns for publicly traded equities, there is still no way to account for the returns of less liquid markets, where there is less public information. This means it is impossible for

When selecting Capitalization Rates you should consider the risk characteristics of an investment opportunity or security. In the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the higher the risk involved in investing asset, the higher the minimum expected rate of return to attract investors to invest. Capitalization rate of financial asset is the function of riskiness of asset.

Capital asset pricing has always been an active area in the finance literature. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is one of the economic models used to determine the market price for risk and the appropriate measure of risk for a single asset. The CAPM shows that the equilibrium rates of return on all risky assets are function of their covariance with the market portfolio. This theory helps us understand why expected returns change through time. Furthermore, this model is developed in a hypothetical world with many assumptions.

Since its introduction, the Capital Asset Pricing Model offers a huge portion of the justification for the tendency toward reactive investing in large index mutual funds (Cooper and Cousins, n.d.). After the initial suspicious view of CAPM, investment professionals changed their perspective nearly a decade later to view the model as a vital tool that assist investors to understand risk. Actually, the development of this model not only

In 1959, Markowitz laid a portfolio theory where he introduced mean-variance efficient portfolio that explained minimum variance for given expected return and maximum return for given variance. This revolutionized the finance field and provided groundwork for Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) founded by William F. Sharpe (1964) and John Lintner (1965). Sharpe and Lintner showed that when investors hold mean-variance efficient portfolio and expect homogeneously, then even in absence of market fluctuations the portfolio formed would itself be mean-variance efficient portfolio.

Fama, E.F. & French, K.R. (2004). The Capital Asset Pricing Model: theory and evidence. Journal of Economic Perspectives 18 (3).