Construction of the Empire State Building

Now thats hard work and detication. The article states, "The engineers worked throughout the winter measuring, designing, and drawing." This took a lot of hard work to complete the building by spring. This is why intelligence and pysical strength is such an imortant roll in working together to create something big and by being able to get it done in time.

One of the innovations was the construction of skyscrapers. Before steel was used, a skyscraper was only considered four to five stories tall and was made out of stone. Very little light was able to get into the building because the structure would become unsafe if too many windows were put in. This made the building very dark, cold and damp. In 1885, with the innovation of steel, the first skyscraper, The Home Insurance Building, was built in Chicago, Illinois. This building paved the way for architects around the country to build taller and stronger skyscrapers into today’s times.

Construction on The Empire State Building began on October 1, 1929 just a few weeks before the biggest stock market crash in United States history. On September 9, 1930, Al Smith the former Governor of New York, marked the spot of the cornerstone of what would become the worlds tallest and the century’s best building. That day Smith gave a speech to a crowd of over five thousand, which included mostly workers in hopes of a job on the upcoming project. The Empire State Building opened its doors just eight months later on Friday, May 1, 1931. For a country in midst of a great depression The Empire State Building was a symbol of hope in dark times and showed that Americans would persevere even in a

were very poor, but somehow, many architectural feats were being made. The U.S. Government was still building the greatest dam in the world before the Depression, the Hoover Dam, which lasted five years to build. It takes a lot of manpower and materials for the Government to build this great dam, so they hired contractors to build it and the The U.S. provides the materials. Men of six companies were hired to build the dam in 7 years or penalties will ensue; the men were called, Six Companies, Inc. Remarkably, the contractors banded together to build the dam because of the immense size of the structure, one contractor cannot do the task alone (America's Experiences). The Dams magnificent feat in becoming USA’s greatest dam inspired the same contracting firm to work on a certain bridge in the west (Hiktzik). During the time Hoover Dam was being constructed, out in the west, another architectural feat was occurring. In 1933 San Francisco, California, construction starts on what will soon to be one of America’s greatest landmarks, The Golden Gate Bridge. One of the bridges architects, Joseph B. Strauss, a man who built many bridges across the U.S., was involved in the bridge project. Strauss and his colleagues had to deal with many problems about the bridge such as people saying it had to be impossible or it was expensive and a hazard to the environment (History.com). Once the bridge was funded with thirty-five million dollars,

The Barclays Center lies on a 22 acres land area with the original design as shown in figure 2. The arena has a conspicuous canopy 85ft high and cantilevers right above the main entrance and supported by 135,000 steel structure which spans through the length the roof and below the roof (Barclays Center, 2016). Once complete, the indoor arena had a space of 675,000. The arena also has a steel oculus which reaches 80 foot high. The arena was also designed to have a green roof which is supported by 350 ft arch-trusses which have been tied and span along the length of the arena (Barclays Center, 2016). The green roof constitutes of sedum flowers which require minimal or no maintenance and aids in reducing the levels of noise emanating from the arena. The canopy together with the roof utilize about 12,000 panels of pre-weathered steel.

In order for Alexander Hamilton to get his assumption bill passed, he, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson made a deal known as the Compromise of 1790 which gave Hamilton the votes he needed to pass his bill and Jefferson and Madison obtained the nation’s capitol for the South and this is where the White House would later be built. Before construction of the White House, though, the President lived in the President’s House in Philadelphia which was built in 1767 and served originally as home to the Penn family, who founded Pennsylvania, and it was probably the largest home in all of Philadelphia. This is where Washington spent his presidency and also where Adams spent the first 18 months of his presidency before moving to the White House. The architect who designed the White House was Pierre Charles L’Enfant in 1791 while designing the District of Columbia. He envisioned a large mansion for the President which was five times larger than the building that was actually built.

The Crystal Palace can be described as a firm glass building that was initially made in Hyde Park, London, in order to be the home for the Great Exhibition of 1851. It was known that “14,000 exhibitors from all around organized together in the 990,000 square foot exhibition space in order to display models of technology that was developed during the Industrial Revolution.” () It was created and designed by a man named Joseph Paxton and is “three times bigger than St. Paul’s Cathedral.” () Once the exhibition was over, the palace was relocated to South London to a place known named Penge Common at the top of Penge Peak close to Sydenham Hill. The Crystal Palace stood from 1854 until its demolition by fire in 1936. The Eiffel Tower was built in Paris, France in 1889. The construction of the tower began in January of 1887 and was finished just in time to be an entry arch for the World’s fair in 1889. The World’s fair was significant because it celebrated the 100th year anniversary of the French Revolution, which took place in 1789-1799. The Eiffel Tower is known “as the greatest prominent artificial monuments in the world and as the most visited paid monument.”() The Eiffel Tower got the name from an engineer, by the name of Gustave Eiffel, whose corporation planned, designed, and built the famous monument that still stands today.

Some of the important clients that participated in the Preparation and construction of the “Freedom Tower” include multiple Engineering firms, architects, construction mangers, and numerous Cad Technicians for modeling. All major clients are portrayed in Figure 2- Table of Major Clients.

“The idea was to incorporate a building that could be easily be built and taken down both constructively and economically. Most ideas involved a long, one-story building made of brick. The problem was that it looked far too solid difficult to remove later and it might be even harder to light- not to mention that it probably could not be built in time. Further debates and redrafting delayed the project even further.” (1)

Although the project team made an attempt to manage risk by performing risk analysis from early out, there was no attempt of managing the risk from a strategic perspective. For example, normally towers are built up to 6 or 7 times the width of the base, but this tower was designed to be 10 times taller. This created a major technical challenge.

Construction projects are always unique and risks raise from a number of the different sources. Construction projects are inherently complex and dynamic, and involving multiple feedback processes. A lot of participants – individuals and organizations are actively involved in the construction project, and they interests may be positively or negatively affected as a result of the project execution or project completion. Different participants with different experience and skills usually have different expectations and interests. This naturally creates problems and confusion for even the most experienced project managers and contractors.

In order for a home building project to survive its purpose, risk analysis is essential so that occurrences that may affect the projects in the end can be identified, analyzed, assessed, managed and monitored. Because of the risky processes that are involved in the projects of home building construction, risk analysis and mitigation is the most useful tool in achieving good project and planning in home buildings as well as other constructions. If good risks management procedures are well conducted, the team’s level of confidence will be boosted, and this will enable or project to run and smoothly achieve its goals while facing and tackling each risk. Risk management will also come in handy as time will be saved as well as the

With this new open land, the planning could commence. The architects for the Empire State

The Taj Mahal is a great example of symmetry because the first half of the building corresponds perfectly with the other half of the building. Also, with the building reflecting off the water, you can see the beautiful mirror symmetry that is displayed. The pointed arches within a rectangular frame dominate the exterior facade of the main building. In the Taj Mahal, the graves of the Emperor and his wife lie in the center of an octagonal room. The drainage holes in some of the stones have a hexagonal pattern. The many domes in the Taj Mahal form circles at the bases. The diameter of the biggest dome is sixty feet long.

Many times, risks faced by contractors exist at no fault of their own. That is, in some cases the contractor is bound by a design that places specific hazards on the construction site. Designers who are cognizant of and responsive to their effort on construction safety would aid in making jobsites safer for construction workers (Gambatese et al, 1997). Situations such as these led the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to create a safe design concept, prevention through design. Prevention