Contagious Cancer Research Paper

Inherited genetic mutations play a major role in about 5 to 10 percent of all cancers.

Cancer, medically called ‘tumorigenesis’ (Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430) occurs when cells in the body orient themselves for malignant growth. Such cells show ‘self-sufficiency in growth signals’, are ‘insensitive to anti-growth signals’ and have ‘limitless replicative potential’ (Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430). Once a particular set of cells become malignant, the malignancy can spread to other set of cells in different organs due to ‘crosstalk’ between the affected cells and their surrounding ‘tissues’ and ‘micro-environments’(Thaker, Lutgendorf, & Sood, 2007, p.430).

The causes of cancer are nothing compared to the effects it has on the person’s body and the person’s family. The effects of cancer are very different for everyone, they change the person socially, physically and emotionally. Cancer has many effects on the human body, they include: physical body changes, nausea and vomiting and the most serious effect is death. Cancer can also effect the people around them in many ways, most families have to change their lifestyles to perform the needs of the cancer patient, when a death happens to occur that really affects the family, and lastly a family’s emotional state changes as well. Cancer has many effects on the patient and their families.

“Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems (NCI, 2013).” Cancer is of many diseases. It originates from the organ in the body and/or from the part of the body that is affected, for example breast cancer. Breast cancer is mainly common among women, except for skin cancers. “Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast divide and grow without their normal control (Komen, 2014).” The

Everybody is at hazard for developing cancer; however way of life changes, for example, stopping smoking and diminishing liquor admission could build a man's possibility of not building up a few tumors. Likewise, sound living and dietary decisions can also ensure that should a person get cancer they are more ready to battle it. It is additionally essential to see your doctor for examinations all the time keeping in mind the end goal to guarantee that legitimate testing should be possible if an issue is

This idea went against all of my previous research, and left me quite puzzled; how could cancer suddenly be contagious and only affecting this one species? My group and I then proceeded to read about the history of the Tasmanian Devil and how it had at one point become extinct in Australia, and only found in Tasmania, hence its name. Through this migration of a whole species and the extinction of all of the devils in other regions, the devils soon got a low genetic diversity. All of the devil's in the region have similar cells, and are practically all related as they all stem from the same original devil and therefore, their bodies are not able to recognize cancerous cells which in turn creates the large scarring and tumors on their

DFTD spreads due to biting between animals during mating or feeding. The cancer cells themselves are the infective agent, as opposed to a transmissible virus that leads to Tumor formation. in the case of the devils (Pearse et al., 2012), the genes that could differentiate between own and foreign cells are so similar between the cancer and host, that the devil’s immune system does not identify the cancer,

Virus-induced neoplasia may also be subjected to additional host and environmental factors that may modify the transformation process. Studies have shown that there are Cellular genes that are homologous to the transforming genes of the retroviruses, a family of RNA viruses that can induce oncogenic transformation

Twenty years ago, an aggressive disease, termed devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), began to decimate the Tasmanian devil population in Tasmania. Astonishingly, researchers found it bared a similarity to the oldest known transmissible cancer cell line, canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT). These transmissible cancers are perfect examples of how the evolution of this disease can be affected by differences in key factors that permit transmission.

In this lab, we used polymerase chain reaction to amplify the D- loop of our DNA from our mitochondrial genome. Mitochondrial DNA contains a noncoding gene known as D- loop. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from the mother genome because the father does not contribute any of mitochondrial DNA to the offspring. Mitochondrial DNA has a high mutation rate because it lacks the ability to proofread itself. D- loop forms during the process of DNA replication, and has a high rate of mutation, which makes it accessible for us to determine similar DNA sequences, and the similarity between species depending on the amount of mutations they share. Mitochondrial DNA, which is only been passed maternally, is an important tool for discovering shared ancestors. One of the sites we ran to identify matches of mtDNA between individual genes across the world is called BLAST. BLAST is used to obtain the highest number of matches to a D-loop mtDNA sequence. Blast contains many mtDNA sequences, and allow us see the similarities between DNA bases of different organisms. We were able to determine the percentage with with our sequence matched others in the database.

who is at exposure for staph infections?Anyone can exhibit a staph contagion, although certain groups of relations are at major risk, inclose newborn infants, breastfeeding females, and people with inbred qualification such as diabetes, malignancy, vascular disease, and lung illness. Injecting drug users, those with cheat injuries or disorders, intravenous therapy catheters, surgical incisions, and those with a decline immune system due either to disease or a result of unhurt put down medications all have an increased peril of underdeveloped staph infections.Is a staph infection contagious?Staph infections are poisonous until the contagion has determined. Direct contactor with an corrupt sorrel or wound, or with essential-care article such

Cancer is a topic that has been discussed thoroughly due to the burden that it has on the affected. It has also been researched early on. According to Dr. George Demetri, director at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, cancer violently spreads and attacks organs in the body, which leads to health complications (PBS 1). The world’s understanding of cancer has evolved, but there are still questions that no one has the answer to. Aktipis notes that cancer cells are able to spread to other organs and withstand treatment (Aktipis 2). In other words,the effectiveness of treatment can not be guaranteed due to the the fast pace of spreading. The study of oncology, another term for cancer, started in the eighteenth century and has grown

Devil facial tumour disease, also known as DFTD, is a clonally transmissible cancer exclusively found in the Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii)(C.E Hawkins et al., 2006). It is transmitted as an allograft (Pearse & Swift, 2006), making it an extremely abnormal disease, as it is one of very few known transmissible cancers. The other known transmissible cancers are Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (CTVT) in Dogs (Murgia et al., 2006), Contagious Reticulum Cell Sarcoma in Syrian Hamsters (Cooper et al.,1964) and a form of transmissible Leukaemia in Soft-Shelled Clams (Metzger et al. 2015). Out of the other three known transmissible cancers, only CTVT is spread as an allograft, like DFTD.

One thing I learned in researching cancer is that in order for cancer to appear in our body it has to avoid being detected by our immune system. The cancer cells have to avoid being detected by the immune system because if they are detected the immune system will try and fight off the abnormality. If your immune system does not detect the abnormality in cells, the cancer cells will grow and reproduce causing cancer to spread rapidly. The cancer cells that are not detected they can create colonies and spread rapidly.

Xenotransplanting is an effective tool to look at the profileration and metastisi of cancer cells. Traditionally, xenotransplant experiments have been done in mice, but for this experient we used zebra fish. Xenotransplantation in mice can be timlely and costly and often times inefficient. Zebrafish on the other hand have can reproduce quicly and have similar systems to that of humans. One of the main benefits of using zebrafish a cancer xenotransplant model is that they do not develop an adaptive immune system until 14 days after post fertilization. This makes it possible for human cancer cells to survive when they are injected into the zebrafish embryos. (Evaluating human cancer cell metastasis in zebrafish Yong Teng, Xiayang Xie, Steven Walker, David T White, Jeff S Mumm and John K Cowell).Recent papers have already proven the similarities between human and zebrafish liver tumors at a molecular level. Also, studies have created carcinogen induced neoplasms that resemble human timors in zebra fish and they have metastasized. In every situation, human cancer cells and tissue have survived and proliferated in zebra fish provinf that it is a comparative tumor model. Not only can xenotransplanted zebrafish can support the normal development of the host and proliferation of transplanted human melanoma