INTRODUCTION
Microorganisms are found everywhere and constitute a major part of every ecosystem. In these environments, they live either freely or as parasites (Sleigh and Timbury, 1998). In some cases, they live as transient contaminants in fomites or hands where they constitute a major health hazards as sources of community and hospital-acquired infections (Pittet et al., 1999). This study focused on the analysis of bacteriological contamination of ATM machine, public toilet and commercial motorcycle helmets.
ATM machine can be contaminated by user breathes out; sneezing, digging nose during work by hands or other reactions leaves the key boards contaminated .The nasal droplets mouths water or mucus from mouth and nose, nail
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Scientists found that ATMs have similar levels of Pseudomonads and Bacillus, bacteria known to cause sickness and diarrhea, as in public toilets (Rob, 2011).
Transportation is vital to every human community. One means of transportation in most part of the world is the motorcycle. Motorcycles are a popular means of transportation especially for short distance. Its frequent use and patronage is very high because it is faster, convenient and can easily maneuver through the regular traffic jam and get to any destination provided there is road (Banjo, 2011).
However, motorcycle helmet could constitute a health hazard to the users. Constant handling and use of MCHs by different individuals could create a prime breeding ground for many microorganisms such as bacteria and mildews (Roth and Jenner,1998), and a possible transmission of pathogenic microorganisms as well as communicable diseases among users.
The human skin is constantly in contact with environmental microorganisms and become readily colonized by certain microbial species. The adult human skin supports about 10cfu/ml bacteria (Mackowiak, 1982). The normal microbiota of the skin include among 12 others, coagulase negative Staphylococcus, diptheroides, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus (various
Bacteria are ubiquitous; they can be found on the skin, in the soil, and inside the body. Because of the very nature of this ubiquity, it is important to be able to determine between different strains of bacteria. An example of this is determining the causative agent for a disease so that the patient will be treated with the appropriate antibiotics. It may be important to determine the bacteria in a certain region, because like with enteric bacteria, it is normal to find them in the digestive tract as they are in a symbiotic relationship with our bodies in this area; however, they also cause opportunistic infections in places outside of the digestive tract to our detriment, such as with a urinary tract infection. Some strains of bacteria are common to nosocomial infections, and identifying these bacteria as such helps create the guidelines for healthcare workers in antiseptic technique. All of the morphology and characteristics of each strain of bacteria help us to better understand the role of bacteria in the body as well as helps us understand how they can cause illness, and what treatment regimen to set in place. In lab this semester, a sample of unknown
The first and second sources of infection are most common and very important we need to know. Firstly, the skin site and the catheter hub may contaminate by the patient's endogenous skin flora and by exogenous flora which on health care workers' hands. The organisms may infect blood stream through the skin insertion site or migrate along the external surface of the catheter and migrate along the internal lumen of the catheter via the hub. The most common organisms found in CLABSIs are including coagulase-negative staphylococci, staphylococcus aureus, enterococci and Candida.
There is a large number of species of microbes found on the human body. This bacterial organism are found in the skin, mouth, or nose. This lab consisted of the collection of skin bacterial organisms and amplification of the 16s rRNA to construct a small molecular phylogeny of the human body microbiome, or the community of microorganisms that reside in the epithelia of humans. This information could only be acquired through processes such as DNA extraction, amplification of specific genetic target by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), agarose gel electrophoresis, restriction enzyme digestion, cloning of DNA fragments into plasmid vector, transformation and blue/white clone colony screening. Through the phylogenetic tree analysis
In an article entitled “Effect of single- versus double- gloving on virus transfer to health care workers’ skin and clothing during removal of personal protective equipment”, which was published in the American Journal of Infection Control in August, 2011, authors Lisa Casanova, William Rutala, David Weber, and Mark Sobsey performed a controlled study of 18 volunteer health care workers, tracking both their adherence to CDC guidelines for donning and doffing personal protective equipment (PPE), as well as the spread of bacterial contaminants the health care workers were exposed to while performing routine patient care. The purpose of this study was to identify whether airborne contaminants were transferred to heath care workers’ hands and uniforms less often with double-gloving than with single-gloving. Though this study was performed on a very small sample of health care workers at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, the results of the study showed that there was far less contamination of participants’ hands after utilizing double-gloving standards than with single-gloving.
Dirty equipment – having dirty equipment which is not cleaned between patients can spread infection very fast lots of bacteria can be spread on a blood pressure cuff for example.
These microorganisms are transmitted from poor hand hygiene from health care workers to patients as well as touching of contaminated equipment and environmental surfaces. Microorganisms are most commonly introduced to susceptible sites such as open wounds or other portals of entry by contaminated hands. Infection leads to adverse clinical outcomes and can directly threat patient recovery.
tested paper currencies were contaminated with pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria (1). U.S. paper currencies, also referred to as banknotes, are made of a combination of cotton, linen, fiber and animal gelatin (1). Having these fibers on the banknotes allows for organisms and debris to settle in between the crevices caused by the fibers. This pocket of microbial life, supplied with nutrition from debris, allows for growth and transmission of multi-drug resistant pathogens (2). Microorganisms most commonly found on banknotes belong to the families Enterobacteriacea, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) affect over 1.7 million patients each year, causing almost 100,000 deaths annually in the United States alone (Johnson, 2010). According to the World Health Organization, HAIs are the most frequent adverse event in the healthcare industry. Fortunately, most of these infections can be prevented with one single intervention, proper hand hygiene (“The Evidence,” n.d.). Four out of five pathogens that cause illness are spread by direct contact. Proper hand hygiene eliminates these pathogens and helps to prevent cross-contamination and HAIs (Linton, 2015; “Hand Hygiene,” n.d.). Reduction of cross-contamination and HAIs improves patient outcomes, increases employee wellness, and lowers health care costs. Adherence to proper hand hygiene is the single most important safety measure in the health care setting. However, for many years compliance to proper hand hygiene in the healthcare industry has been dismally low. New and inventive measures must be implemented to increase compliance to proper hand hygiene and lower the rate of hospital-acquired infections.
Things that are used commonly by students and staff should be routinely disinfected to ensure the health and safety of the people using the provided materials. Bacteria is related to disease (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1885) Previous studies on the surface of a high school telephone showed that the phones had an uncountable number of bacteria colonies (Yalowitz, 2003). We know that surfaces used by the public often become contaminated because of the bacteria on peoples hands. A study on the bacteria on peoples hands showed that 28% of people have fecal matter on their hands (Judah, 2010). A study done on the contamination on public doorknobs showed that over 86.7% were contaminated (Nworie, 2012). This experiment was to show us how much bacteria is on the surface of the things we use
This essay will examine and compare the different methods of hand washing in the perioperative environment and how hand washing influences the prevention of healthcare acquired infections (HCAIs). It will show the importance of washing hands thoroughly to remove bacteria to prevent HCAIs. It will include the differences between the surgical hand wash, the social hand wash and the use of alcohol rubs.
Motorcycles are one of the most affordable forms of transportation and one of the most common types of motor vehicle. There are approximately 200 million motorcycles (including mopeds and motor scooters) in use worldwide, compared with 590 million cars. Most motorcycles are concentrated in the United States and Japan. The
This experiment illustrates the importance of handwashing and proves that hand washing is worth it. Since our hands are constantly coming into contact with ourselves and others, touching surfaces, grabbing objects, being sneezed into, etc., keeping our hands clean is one of the most effective, yet simple way we can take to avoid getting sick and spreading germs to others. Many diseases and conditions are spread by not washing hands with soap and clean, running warm water. “The human skin is a host to anywhere between 10,000-10,000,000 bacteria per square centimeter and since health care providers come into contact with pathogenic bacteria by being engaged in patient care, hand washing can reduce the risk of spreading diseases (page 3).” The objective of the experiment is to test the effectiveness of hand washing and demonstrate normal flora. This report presents the procedures and materials for the experiment, the experiment's results, and an analysis of those results.
All around the world, countries are fighting to keep their drinking water clean. Whether it’s streams, rivers, or lakes, countries have taken great measures to maintain high quality drinking water for both human consumption and animal consumption. Countries must first understand the sources of the polltion, then determine the best methods to eliminate the pollution. Clean drinking water is a valuable resource and a the key to human survival. Plants and animals also depend on water for their growth, so all water must be kept clean. The major contributors to water pollution can be classified in three categories, industrial, agricultural and municipal.
Air and water pollution is one of the biggest problems the environment faces today. It is one of the highest leading cause of death. Air and water pollution has been affecting the environment for many years causing many diseases among people especially children. I will study and examine the early childhood growth between two countries which are Australia and Tanzania. I will discuss how clean and polluted their air and water is for each country. Their access to clean water. I will also explain the effects that can occur when water is contaminated. How children are affected when they don 't have access to primary essentials and how each country and their environment and living condition might threatened a child 's life.
Infectious diseases that are commonly spread through hand to hand contact include the common cold, and several gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhoea (WaterAid, 2006). Human hands usually harbour microorganisms both as part of a person’snormal microbial flora as well as transient microbes acquired from the environment (Lindberg et al, 2004).