Contamination In Non-Template Control Case Study

Testing products on animals may seem like a great way to eliminate the risk of possibly

Table 1 contained the number of bands and the size of each band for each sample. The first lane, the molecular ladder contained five bands with molecular weights of 97kDa, 65kDa, 45kDa, 30kDa, and 14.4kDa, respectively from the top to the bottom the gel. The second lane, filtrate contained four bands with the molecular weight of 135kDa, 41.6kDa, 16.6kDa, and 11.2kDa, respectively from the top to the bottom. The third lane, S1 contained three bands with the

Therefore the ratio of A260/230 is the concentration of DNA/ the concentration of other containments (Wilfinger). From these values one can determine that the sequencing process was successful. These values displayed that the sequencing reaction worked, but did not give the desired results and did not have a concentrated product. The amount of the DNA sample and water had to be adjusted in the tube that was going to be sent to the Cornell lab. The amount that was supposed to be used was 1.5ul of mtDNA. This value was determined by 100ng of DNA required x volume of DNA in ul divided by the concentration of DNA. The instructor simply advised to double the amount of mtDNA that would be placed in the tube. The volume of DNA used was 3uL, and the volume of sterile water used was 13.4uL. The volume of the primer used was 1.6uL(which was not adjusted). Figure 2 displays the reverse complement of the mtDNA that was obtained from the Cornell lab sequencing the mtDNA sent to them. This was then used to compare it with the CRS mtDNA. Figure 3 displays the aliment of the CRS and the revers compliemt of the mtDNA sent to the Cornell

It “doesn’t really give you the whole picture” of what pollutants may be there, she explains. So she uses a combination of tests. These don’t look for particular chemicals. “This newer method lets the sample tell you what’s in it,” she

The first step in determining whether or not an individual was a taster or non-taster of phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) was to obtain a sample of their DNA. Salt water was flushed in cheeks vigorously for 90 seconds and then the salt water was emptied back onto the 15-ml tube. The tube was centrifuged for 2 minutes to produce a pellet at the bottom of the tube. Then, the liquid was drained off of the top of the contents in the tube to leave only the pellet. Next, 15ml of Chelex was added to the tube containing the pellet.

This test is for only gram positive bacteria; unknown species B. Using a starch agar plate inoculate gram positive bacteria onto it. Make any kind of design on the starch agar. Label the plate starch agar and unknown species B. Incubate the starch agar for at least 48 hours at the 25C. After incubation open the agar plate and cover the entire surface with iodine and allow it to soak into the agar for 5 to 10 minutes. If there is a clear zone around the growth pattern or halo this means, there is no starch present and the bacteria have consumed the starch. Having a clear zone or halo means the test is

Real-time PCR - In RT PCR fluorescent markers are added to the components of the PCR to help monitor the reaction in real-time. During the reaction, the fluorescent markers exhibit a signal that is relative to the quantity of DNA or RNA that is amplified. Probes or primers (are sequence-specific) that can bind with DNA are fluorescently labelled and used in RT PCR.

Our results had been inconclusive in this part of the lab. The unknown was run with the other class due to the loss of a PCR tube. The tube had been redone and run in the gel and results had been inconclusive. No results had been shown for our gel. Meaning something along the way had been done incorrectly and as a result the experiment had no results. It is possible that primers or something was not added to the tube causing failed results. A wide variety of things could have gone wrong. But what we do know is that results should have occurred. In figure #6 the gel that was done by our class we could see that there are results. There is a very noticeable band that shows that this experiment could be done and that it wasn’t any machines fault but human error. The class had a band around 1500 base pairs which would be completely correct because 16s rRNA gene is usually 1500 base pairs long (Clarridge

When evaluations of these biocontrols test positive for host specificity and their introduction into the field is successful, a lot of labor, time, and money can be directed towards other efforts. From this article I became aware of the Weed Risk Assessment Tool, which is used to evaluate imported plants for their potential to become invasive. The assessment utilizes forty-nine questions to score the plant where below zero is likely invasive, above six is potentially invasive, and zero to six is uncertain. I learned that the updated tool predicts approximately 95% of significant pests and 85% of

• But the validity of the scientific tests was questioned by the UK Government’s environmental agency (EA) who claimed that the results of the tests were questionable because the tests seem to find differing levels of toxins, and so the EA submitted the same samples to nine laboratories in the UK and Wales, to one in the USA, and one in the Netherlands. The results they produced demonstrated enough variation between the laboratories to suggest that such tests may be underestimating the poisons.

If there is smeared DNA bands then the DNA was degraded and the student would want to avoid the nuclease contamination. Lastly, if the student sees anomalies DNA band migration then the improper electrophoresis conditions were used. When conducting this experiment be very careful as to how much DNA or electrophoresis gel and as well as voltage

A BSA standard serial dilution was created in wells A1-F1. Fifty microliters of dH20 were added to each well and fifty microliters of the BSA stock was added to A1 and mixed. Fifty microliters from A1 was transferred to B1 and this was repeated for C1, D1, and E1. In wells A2-A4, triplicates were created by transferring 10 microliters from A1. Triplicates were created for the other BSA standards using the same amount, but with a different tip for each standard. The samples WP, WB, Es, and Ap (yellow tubes) were also used in the Bradford Assay. The dilutions for the samples were 1:10, 1:100, 1:500, and 1:1000. The first dilution consisted of 90 microliters of water and 10 microliters of the sample. The second dilution consisted of 90 microliters of water and 10 microliters of the sample as well. The third dilution composed of 80 microliters of water and 20 microliters of the sample. The last dilution composed of 50 microliters of water and 50 microliters of the sample. These dilutions were used for each sample and triplicates were generated for each dilution. Two hundred microliters were added to each triplicated well for all the samples, including the standard. Then, the microplate was placed on the spectrophotometer and the absorbance was

The DNA could also have been contaminated with high levels of protein or salts, which could lead to smeared or blurry bands. This could be prevented by using ethanol precipitation, or chloroform extraction after the DNA has been isolated from the cells.

One concern about pesticides and herbicide usage is the amount of residues left on the end product of crops sprayed with the chemicals, and their effects on human health. (Williamson, 2007, p. 184). However, these effects are closely tested and levels are strictly regulated to ensure there is no danger from possible pesticide residues. Since 1910, many rules, regulations, and agencies have been formed to monitor the safety of the pesticides and herbicides used in conventional farming. These chemicals must meet specific safety standards in order to be registered for use, and regulations on levels of each product safe for use are also put in place. (Tafel et al.,2007, p.184). All pesticides are rigorously examined to ensure they have no significant effects on human health, or the environment. The residues in the food chain are closely monitored, and regularly tested, to ensure they are below legal limits. In a recent survey of residues

As a result of this finding, the Head of Quality Assurance has requested full validation to be performed on the method to assure the quality of the assay results generated