Content Validity And Its Effects On The Research Instrument

The internal consistency of this measurement used the coefficient alpha. The coefficients were all over .5, but they each had various ranges. Because the scale had such varying ranges, one could wonder if this could indicate a problem with errors? The VMQ shows an overall internal dependability and a low level of SEM. The internal consistency does surpass the requirements for a reliable instrument. According to authors of the VMQ (n.d), “…the scales approximate or exceed acceptable levels of internal consistency” (pg. 16). However, it is important to note that the scores of this test are not normally distributed, which impacts the standard deviations of the scores. While the deviation of the scores is acceptable, the test results did not have an extremely high correlation. The VMQ also demonstrated the validity scales having lower correlations (Values and Motives Questionnaire, n.d). One weakness of the reliability to consider is that the test was only compared to other tests that examined values. It did not compare values to those of other countries/cultures. Specific cultures and/or family systems have specific values that are instilled in them throughout the years. It would be beneficial to use this instrument in comparison to different demographic backgrounds. In doing this, one will be able to gain insight into how these differences can affect the results

Validity suggests the ability and degree of the method to measure the concept. More specific for the qualitative study, the criteria refers to credibility and trustworthiness. Credibility is a principle of trustworthiness and indicates the ability to answer the study question due to the quality of the research undertaken and reflecting the participants ' perceptions rather than the researcher own opinion and that the findings are trustworthy (Lincoln & Guba 1985, cited in Corbin & Strauss 2015).

Validity refers to whether the research conducted is what it intended to be. Validity involves dependability, which means, a valid measure must be reliable. But, reliability doesn’t have to link to validity, a reliable measure is not required to be valid.

A scale conversion is calculated and the measurements from each thermometer are examined to see how closely correlated they are. _M___

The purpose of this paper is to critique a quantitative study and to present a critical analysis on its research findings. The paper will discuss the elements influencing believability and robustness of research, including writing style, research problem, literature review, conceptual framework, research question, hypothesis, study sample, methods, data analysis and results, and discussion of the relevance and future directions.

The degree of freedoms was 9 and the significance level was 0.05. For these conditions, the chi-square value must be above 16.92. The test statistic provided no convincing evidence that the

The measuring of the variables is very difficult task, and selecting the measures of validation demonstrates the ability to ensure that the research will be reliable (Sechrest, 2005). I would think the by displaying the appropriate levels of measurement for variables ensures that the outcome will they will be done correctly (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008). In addition, the reliable assessment ensures that the researchers' data does select for this study represents the connection with the variables (Frankfort-Nachmias & Nachmias, 2008). In reviewing the process I would say that the correct representation will affect the internal validity of this study (Sechrest, 2005). The purpose of this paper is to explain the levels of measurement

The authors state reliability and validity testing were not completed on the survey questions (Gordon et al., 2014, p.14), and include this as a

| A rich and detailed method to capture how and why people behave in certain ways and the impact of these processes on behaviour.

Validity is the degree to which an instrument measure what it is purports to measure. Invalid instruments can lead to erroneous research conclusions, which in turn can influence educational decisions. Reliability is the internal consistency or stability of the measuring device

Content validation is most appropriate when there are two few people to form a sample for purposes of criterion-related validation or when criterion measures are either unavailable or of poor quality. Our sample size of 832 is adequate for criterion-related validation and such measures are available. Nevertheless, content validation can be useful.

Experimental designs as in any research designs must be tested for the accuracy of the study findings (Sagepub, 2006). As such, any of the following types of validity can be used for the purpose of checking the precision of the study’s conclusions, (1) internal or sometimes referred to as causal, (2) external or generalizability of the findings, and (3) measurement. Internal validity is easier to achieve in true experiments, but may find it difficult to prove the generalizability of the study result. Generalizability is more within the confines of external validity. Thus, proving external validity is a problem with true experimental designs.

External validity is the degree to which the results of a research study can be generalized to and across other populations, settings, times and tasks. The threats to external validity compromise a

Content related validity includes face validity and constructs validity. Face validity ask the question does this test what is supposed to be tested. According to Saul McLeod,

The Cronbach’s alpha of the sample responses came out to be as .784, which shows that our data is 78.4%. And the KMO test which is the sampling adequacy test came out to be as .691 which should be greater than .5, implies that factor analysis can be applied on this data.