CONTINUING CRISIS IN TERTIARY EDUCATION OF DEVELOPING AND TRANSITION COUNTRIES
Persisting Inequalities There are a lot of problems already mentioned in tertiary education of developing and transition countries but inequalities in many forms are very persistent and evident in developing and transition countries. We feel these inequalities being included in the developing countries. Some of those inequalities are the following: 1. Caste- The unequal treatment for the students that come from the tribe or ethnic groups are very evident.
-In Venezuela, the widespread preferential admission for students of University professors and employees is an example of positive discrimination in favor of the children of the already privileged
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* In South Africa the affirmative actions are still to be fully accessed whether successful or not, that is the admission of deserving black applicants who have not been given an adequate opportunity to demonstrate their ability to succeed. * Actions were also made in the inequality of the women from men in the tertiary level in Africa:
In Ghana and Uganda – they gave bonus points for women in taking admission examination so that more of them pass the cut off points. Evidently from that action enrollment of women in tertiary level increase from 27- 34 %. In Uganda and 21-27% in Ghana.
In Tanzania, instead of giving bonus points they give a six- week remedial course for the women to give them a chance to pass the admission examinations
.Inequalities in the education of tertiary level is a problem since time immemorial, but countries can do positive actions to eradicate the problem or to decrease if not to completely solve it. Focusing on financial aid such as scholarships, grants, and students Educational loans seem to be more effective form of equity interventions for capable aspirants from minority or under privileged populations. In addition stronger efforts must clearly be made mush earlier in a student’s educational career, particularly at the primary and secondary level, so that all students have equal opportunity to compete for entry to tertiary education. Gina A. Grezula MEM B
Problems of Quality and
In order for educational equality to be attempted, financial barriers separating those who can afford educational fees and those who cannot must be minimised or removed. If everyone is entitled to the same opportunity of education then, equality can be sought after. This was apparent during the period 1974-1979, where it was recognised that a redistribution of educational resources towards girls, women and minority groups as well as towards the working class is required. Thus, aiming at giving everyone the same opportunity for an education. Contained in the 1998 Human Rights Act is an authoritative statement which is essential for the basis of equality. It states that `no person shall be denied the right to education', although a rather basic statement, it provides the basis for equality of opportunity which is essential since education is an investment on behalf of the wider society.
The quantitative data I used in this research study had sufficient evidence to identify a trend in educational systems: a trend where those of higher social class receive a higher quality education; a trend that, I concluded, needs to be resolved in order to eradicate inequality due to social class. Being able to identify these injustices, and having the educational background to use as a tool when looking at societal issues, should prove to be extremely invaluable when working as a
Also, tertiary education has quite low worldwide education participation rates; generally in developing countries the amount of people in tertiary is not high. Social class has a large amount to do with this. Poverty is one of the main factors preventing people form attending university. Although gender intersects with participation in education around the globe, the WDR 2012 Team found that, “In most countries with moderate or high total inequality in educational outcomes, less than one-fifth of inequality stems from gender”. Non-attendance instead, has to do more primarily with rural residence or poverty.
AIM: To provide information and sources in order to understand the perspective of the inequalities within higher education and it’s impacts on society in regard to politics and income.
Many opportunities are not present in terms of equality when schooling is the topic. An instance of a lack of similar chances can be identified between the high and low-class populations of different countries such as Nigeria or the Congo. These countries are rarely able to provide a consistently adequate learning system, leading to an insufficiency of attaining
With the economic globalization gaining momentum, it goes without saying that the competition in the job market will only become more and more fierce. And in today’s world, without a proper education, it is very hard for us to land a job in the future. No wonder that education has long been a hot issue in all countries across the globe. No one would deny the fact that there still exist large room for improvement in the education system, and the most talked about is how to promote education equity. It is of great significance because education equity safeguards the basic human rights of the vast number of students and more importantly, it is an effective means for mankind to promote social equity. However, if the universities and colleges increase their tuition fees, then they are setting back what we have already achieved for education equity. When we speak of education equity, we need to pay close attention to the affordability of education to students who are from a medium- and low-income families. Many people would take for granted that international students must all come from very well-off backgrounds. It is absolutely not true. Many of them are from very ordinary families, but their parents would rather spend all their money on their kids’ education because they believe a prestigious university’s diploma would help their kids land a dream job after graduation and thus change
Baserup (1970) suggested that women needed to reduce the work loads they had so that they take part in education, projects which will also extend their power in the economy. In addition, Baserup pointed out that women have to receive credit facilities for greater economic projects. For example, Baserup echoed the mechanization of “female farming’ in African women farmers and revolutionarize traditional forms of agriculture for productive efficiency extracted from Schech and Haggis (2000). Rogers (1980) also suggested for a complete overhand of male attitudes against women. Rogers explicitly challenged this in her survey of the FAO institutional arrangement. She concluded that no women were found in field officers in technical division. Rogers (1980) therefore, concluded that women were not only excluded from planning and decision making but were being ignored and overlooked. Furthermore, households were assumed to be male headed which also generalized women as housewives (Rogers 1980:66 in Schech and Haggis, 2000). This shows that women’s work was regarded as non- work due to male bias. However, the WID approach agitated for equity, empowerment, efficiency and equal participation of women in existing structures.
Rodney finds in colonialism double oppression of women in the African society. Women were oppressed by the African traditional customs and laws. Colonialism has intensified the oppression of women, as men entered the money sector easily and greater numbers than women. Women’s work became greatly inferior to that of men within the new value system
Lack of the occupy women on board not due solely to an absence of knowledge. On the contrary, women have been “over-achieving” in terms of education and qualifications more generally. OECD data (2011) now show that women and girls outperform men and boys at every stage in the education system, including postgraduate education.
A common saying in our society is that education is the great equalizer. However, in modern American society, it is just as common to find areas with unequally funded schools and are known for being hearths for perpetual poverty cycles. If education is supposed to place willing students on an equal playing field with success as the goal, why is it not equally funded across the country? Inequalities in educational funds tend to detrimentally impact the lives of students from low-income families. Aiding those students’ to earn less than students from well-funded institutions in wealthy areas. Leading them to be more likely to take on low-income jobs in unspecialized labor for the majority of their life. The effects of such inequity can be seen through economic, social, and futuristic Perspective.
Gender roles involving education could potentially be hurting countries in Africa. A country’s development is based off providing a good education. When both men and women are equipped with learning and shared decisions, the productivity of a society rises. It is very important for women to be educated along with men because this also improves the health of a nation.
In 21st century, many people think the African economy is poised for great things. But lots of problems, which are directly related to economy, still exist and should be fixed, especially the problem of education. South Africa is one of the sovereign states on the worlds, completely surrounded by one other state in southern Africa. South Africa’s economy developed rapidly, but they are facing an important problem-they have few people who have finished higher education. People in South Africa are hardly to receive higher education because the drop out rate is exceptionally high, particularly for girls who are forced to care for parents with AIDS and manage the
We are living in 21th century and people obviously know about social inequity. Normally, they will think that socioeconomic class is the main effective factor of social inequity. Wealthy people are treated better because they have money and their social class is higher than the other economic segments. They also have more privileges than lower economic class people. Unfortunately, it is very hard to get out of lower economic class; lower economic class people must work very hard to pay for their living conditions and education which takes almost their salary and they also get paid less from the wealthy people whom they are working for. In this essay, I will be focusing on how education effects on socioeconomic mobility.
While each country and university faces specific and often distinctive challenges, there are common factors that affect most countries around the world today. Ensuring maintainable higher education systems at the same time that public funding is decreasing and competitiveness is increasing. Cultivating the worth of the total student experience even as the demand for involvement is growing. When an economy is dwindling, enrollment in tertiary level institutions rises as persons seek to pursue new careers, acquire knowledge and upgrade their skills to prepare them for better job opportunities. This is a promising trend and indicates how well citizens understand that tertiary education is vital to their personal success and the country’s competitiveness and eventual economic growth. Nevertheless, acquiring tertiary education affordability is a critical component. Public divestment, student’s confidence in college education and workforce confidence in college graduates, higher education faces many challenges in the coming years.
Although education should be the way out of poverty and inequality, there is the evidence that still, ‘graduates who went to private schools earn substantially more than those who went to state schools’ (The Institute for Fiscal Studies, 2014). The gap was quite substantial as it amounted up to 17 per cent, depending on the university and subject they studied. Nonetheless, even for those who came from a similar background, graduated from the same university, studied the same subjects, achieved the same grade, and chose a similar career, those, who attended state schools, still earned 7 per cent less than graduates from private schools. Such evidence suggests the question, why the higher education, which is perceived as the route out of poverty into equality and prosperity, does not level the opportunities and does not prevent the discrimination. Would implement a social justice approach be able to close such gaps? Social justice with equal distribution of opportunity, income and wealth achieved through respective policies in the politics, economy and social welfare (Craig, 2002).