Contribution Of Grethe Hilferding

When Rowland H., a prominent Rhode Island businessman and Yale graduate, relapsed into his alcoholism, the renowned psychoanalyst Carl Jung, refused to provide any further treatment citing that Rowland had reached the end of what psychology and medical science had to offer him. Carl Jung recommended that Rowland H. seek spiritual guidance and referred him to the Oxford Group. (Blum, 2006)

I. Introduction. There are many remarkable personalities in our history, which made revolutionary changes in women’s lives. Two of them were Margaret Sanger and Eleanor Roosevelt. They contributed immensely to change the women’s fates and lives and to position them equally with men. Margaret Sanger was born in 1879, in Corning, New York; she was sixth of eleven children of Michel Higgins, an Irish Catholic stonecutter, and religious Anne Purcell Higgins. Her mother went through eighteen pregnancies and died at the age of forty-eight. She studied nursing in White Plains and worked as nurse in one of the poorest neighborhood of New York. In 1902 Margaret Sanger married architect and radical William Sanger. She didn’t finish her studying. Margaret gave birth to three children. In 1912 Sanger’s family moved to Manhattan. All her life Margaret Sanger was a courageous, dedicated and persistent American birth control activist, advocate of eugenics, and the founder of the American Birth Control League. She was first woman opening the way to universal access to birth control.

Carl Jung (1875 – 1961) was a one time friend and colleague of Sigmund Freud, who initially held similar views to Freud. He started to feel dissatisfied with Freud’s ideas though and broke away from that school of thought in 1913. Jung also had a great interest in mystical and magical subjects, Buddhism and Hinduism, which influenced Jung’s own ideas on a theory of personality. He too, suggested there were 3 parts; the conscious mind (or ego), the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. ‘The main point of difference between the two men (Jung and Freud) was Freud’s definition of sexuality and libido. Although Jung conceded the importance of the

William Higginbotham had a wonderful life and a wonderful family. He was born on October 25, 1910 in Bridgeport, Connecticut and he grew up in Caledonia, New York. He was married three times. His three wives were Julie Ann (died when they were still married), Margret (died when they were still married), and Edna (was still alive when he died). He has two daughters and one son. Their names are Julie Schletter, Robin Clark, and the one son William, of Bellport. He has one brother and on sister. The brother’s name is John and the sister is Dorothy Osgood. He also has two grandchildren.

Feminism was a Utopians dream because it advocated greatly expanded roles for women. By the time of the precedent-setting New York State court case Mercein v. People in 1842, women had gained many other rights. In Mercein vs. People a woman was awarded custody of children for the first time in history. Up till this point women had gained property rights within marriage in several Ohio and Mississippi Valley states, and the trend was spreading, fast, and divorce became slightly more prevalent, with the legal grounds increased. With the growth of the Industrial Revolution, women were given work opportunities, and with a rising demand for teachers more and more women were becoming educated in institutions. Nursing jobs also became popular. In1849, Elizabeth Blackwell received her M.D. degree from the Medical Institution of Geneva, N.Y., becoming the first woman in the U.S. with a medical degree. “All these causes lead women, inevitably, towards feminism, a socio-religious and socio-political philosophy born at the end of the Age of Jackson.” Feminism was affecting moral reform, and was right there at the heart. These women activists pushed and shoved till they got their way. The final force was the Declaration of Sentiments at Seneca Falls, New York on 1848. Sarah

This was frowned upon by most of the community because women were said to be needed at the household where they should stay and take care of the household. As more women colleges opened such as the Holyoke Seminary, a school that opened specifically to educate women. As women became more educated, they tried to gain a voice in the community and among the nation socially and politically. An example of this is Dorothea Dix where she protested and changed many of the prison treatment and also treatment for the mentally ill as stated in Document F. Women would later to go on to where bloomers which symbolizes that they were equal to men in every way. One way that they were gaining a political voice was at the Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls, New York in the mid 1800's. Elizabeth Stanton stated the Declaration of Independence which stated, "all men and women were created equally." This convention launched the modern Women's Rights Movement, and made women's voice be heard around the nation. In addition to this women petitioned for multiple women's rights that would be passed. This movement gained women equal rights to men due to the Second Great

The U.S. women’s movement had its beginnings in 1848 when Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott called the Seneca Falls Convention in New York to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of woman (Women’s History in the U.S....). Over time, this inspired many women to stand up for their own beliefs and for the better for women in future generations. During World War I, the high birth rates led to food and supply shortages, and disease which mainly affected those in poverty (Putting Margaret Sanger’s Ideas in Context). At the time, a woman’s life revolved around bringing food home and onto the table which became an issue with the lack of supplies and the best foods would be given to men (Comstockery in America). As a nurse visiting, Margaret Sanger witnessed and met immigrant working mothers who were deeply impacted by unexpected pregnancies and botched miscarriages (Amory). Margaret Sanger violated the Comstock Act of 1873 of 1873 because she wanted to advocate women’s rights which resulted in a conflict between Sanger and the those against her ideas, and the laws that suppressed her from advocating. As a result, as a compromise of the amendment of the Comstock Act after she gained support from her article and supporters which resulted in Planned Parenthood, the ability to distribute contraceptives, and a new found support for women to have more control over their lives.

Imagine being a married woman in your 30’s during the beginning of the twentieth century. You are worn out from giving birth multiple times and you are desperate to know of a way to prevent yourself from having more children. This was the exact case for millions of women in the twentieth century. Women had no rights as a person, nor did they have any rights to their own bodies. In this era, the topics of sexuality, sex or birth control were all taboo subject matters and never discussed between married or un married couples. It wasn’t until the year of 1912 that a woman by the name of Margaret Sanger started her crusade to promote the right for women to use contraceptives to prevent unwanted pregnancies. In this essay, I will discuss what inspired Margaret Sanger to stand up for birth control rights. I will also explore the trials and legal issues that Sanger came up against. Lastly, I will talk about the victory and the difference Sanger made for women in the twentieth century. Margaret Louise Higgins (Sanger was her married name) was born in the year of 1879 in Corning, New York. She was sixth of eleven children and was born into an Irish-American family. Margaret knew at a very young age that she wanted to make a difference to empower women and to leave her mark on the world. Margaret was first inspired to go into the nursing field after witnessing her own mother die at the young age of forty from tuberculosis (TB). Margaret’s mother endured eighteen pregnancies but, she

He drew a number of incredibly vivid supporters whom became the heart of the psychoanalytic movement. While he was flourishing with what he had accomplished, he was incapable of agreeing criticism and was known for objecting civilians that did not concede with him and subsequently went onto towards encounter competing institutes of thought. (Storr, 2001)

Many also believed it was the man’s decision as to how many children his wife should have. Sanger continued her quest opening a birth-control clinic in Brooklyn, New York, in 1916; one year later, the authorities arrested her for giving contraceptives to immigrant women (Bowles, 2011). At first glance it appears that Sanger had good intentions. “Others criticized her for involvement with eugenics, which was a scientific movement in which its practitioners advocated the notion that all mental and physical "abnormalities" were linked to hereditary and, with selective breeding, could be eliminated. They questioned whether or not Sanger's insistence on birth control and abortion was in fact a way to limit the growth of ethnic populations” (Bowles, 2011). “Of course, her activism put her directly at odds with law-enforcement officials and the Catholic Church, but little discussed is the actual extent to which her early Marxism guided much of what she managed to achieve. Her good friends included ultra-radicals like John Reed and Emma Goldman, and the truth is that Margaret’s feminism, and her support for eugenic ‘sexual science’, were both simply part-and-parcel of her own unique Marxist vision. Humanitarianism, per se, had little to do with what motivated Margaret Sanger” (Spooner, 2005). Sanger’s actions and motivations are a controversial topic that have been analyzed and debated for years. “According to her New York Times obituary,

During the early 1900’s many women would get pregnant without any means of doing so. Most of the women that were becoming pregnant were financially unstable and could not afford to support another child. In order for women to feed their large families they began to work and on top of working they had to take care of things at home. Countless kids that came from large families were forced into child labor in order to help support their families. These women were forced to become mothers when they did not want to be. A majority of women during this time period would die while giving birth.Women began to want to control their own bodies. Margaret Sanger took notice of the problems that women had to face and decided to do something about it.

Jung also felt his mental patients at the asylum of Burgholzli were lost souls, hanging out in the land of the dead, an intuition that persons undergoing psychosis are lost to the everyday world of ordinary reality and are lost in the imaginal realm of non-ordinary reality (the collective unconscious). On occasion, Jung was able to pull such persons out of this lost realm and back into ordinary life. Certainly through his analytic and psychotherapy practice, he was able to facilitate the recovery of souls, not through trance journeys, but through analysis of dreams, of transference and counter-transference, and through the power of a deep relationship with him (Kindle Locations 1989-1993).

It feels as though most of the time when thinking about psychology and the great contributions that have been made to it, that most of them have been from men, but along the way there have been several influential women that have contributed to the field of psychology as well. Just like men, there were several women who were pioneers, theorists, and counselors; many of these women have contributed to the field of psychology in their own special between the years of 1850 and 1950. Of all these amazing women who are pioneers, theorists, and counselors, the one who stands out the most is Anna Freud. This paper will go on to explain Anna Freud’s

Jung made some major contributions in psychotherapy. Jung was the first to say that a therapist himself must be analyzed (Storr, 1991). Unlike Freud who had his patients lie on a couch, Jung suggested that face to face contact with a patient was essential (Storr, 1991). He wanted to see his patients face. He also saw patients less times a week then Freud did (Storr, 1991). He stated that he did not want his patients to stop living their normal everyday lives. Dreams were an important aspect of Jung’s psychotherapy. He dedicated a great deal of time and work on the interpretation of dreams

Carl Jung was a Psychologist and psychiatrist who developed a form of analytic psychotherapy. Many of his Ideas can be paralleled to religious spirituality and healing in India. In this paper, I hope to provide information about Carl Jung and his ideas about psychoanalysis, different methods of religious healing in India, and a comparison of the two.