Contributions Of The Human Genome Project

Evolution is a change in the characteristic of living organism through time. Modern synthesis, one of the greatest intellectual achievements of biology, could explain how mutations and natural selection could produced large-scale evolutionary change. There are 4 mechanisms for evolution to occur; mutation, gene flow, genetic drift and natural selection.
Although, there are a number of misconceptions about evolution; it does not explain the origins of life, it is not progressive, natural selection is not about the survival of the fittest individuals in a population, humans are not currently evolving, it does not make organism better designed nor does it gives organism what they need to survive. This essay will describe further, 3 common misconceptions

Adaptations are categorized in three postulates, survival of the fittest, variation, and inheritance. If an animal survives long enough to reproduce, it will pass along its genes that helped it survive to its offspring. Eventually over time, these genes will mutate and most of the species will inherit these adaptations. Charles Darwin coined the term "natural selection" in reference to artificial selection

“Do-it-yourself biology” or “DIY biology” is a social movement rooted in the idea of citizen science. Usually called biohacking, emphasizing the relationship with hacker culture, this form of public engagement in science has been the subject of controversy since its inception.

In this fast paced ever changing world, there is always a need to increase the efficiency and reduce the time required for a particular problem to be solved. Most biological experiments, apart from being time consuming, are unpredictable and difficult to maintain, which results in a wastage of resources. With the advent of computers and their increased application in many different fields of study, we can now theoretically test out the hypothesis before proceeding with the practical experiment. Computational biology, as it is termed, is paving the path towards achieving this. With the success of the human genome project, the need for biologists equipped with the ability to look at diseases from a computational and mathematical standpoint

According to Dr. James Krupa of The University of Kentucky “evolution is the foundation upon which all biology rests.” In biology, evolution is the genetic change in characteristics over generations and is dependent on the process of natural selection. ‘The theory of evolution is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change over time’ (Genome Campus, 2017). Genetic variation is vital to evolution as it affects the physical characteristics or phenotypes of morphology. Natural Selection is affected by environmental factors that act upon a population and result in the mutation of organism through offspring. These mutations enable individuals to adapt to their environments in order to survive, find food, avoid predators and

A reading assignment encompassing all the constituents microbial metabolism will be required of students to study in depth before class, while the worksheet in class will be used to review the knowledge they acquired and probe any “weak” points.

While many diseases and viruses are caused by outside sources, some diseases occur from within the human body. Regular ailments can be cured with medicine, or fought off overtime by getting a vaccine, but certain diseases and anomalies cannot be directly treated. This is because they are genetically inherited by certain parts of one’s DNA. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, and is inherited from the parents of a person. These strands, found within the nucleus of all cells, determine the appearance and genetic structure of a person. Through one’s DNA, there may be diseases inherited from the parents, such as sickle cell anemia, Gaucher’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In order to heal and fix patients, doctors needed to learn more about the Human Genome. In 1990 work began on the Human Genome Project, which would map the entirety of the genes in the human species. However, the participants would not have been able to work without the discoveries made by those before them.

From the article I can see that many different scientific collaborators were needed to fully analyze each step of this program. Evolutionary change happens in many ways and is affected by many things. The environment effects how organism survive and behave, biology effects how they grow and adapt, and genetics can explain the mechanics behind how these changes occur through mutation. There were many points in this article were additional collaborators were critical to the progress of the program and I believe it is necessary to utilizes many forms of science to validate and generalize evolutionary

The Genome project is very significant because it is trying to cure illness and diseases. This project was first started in 1990 and it lasted till 2003 and it took thirteen years to complete the genetic sequencing. The discoveries that were made during this project are now being tested and studied to become more accurate. Furthermore, The genome project is trying to accurately sequence all the genes, cure and prevent different illnesses that affect people all around the world. Mary Shelly's novel Frankenstein can apply to the Genome project because of the importance of both projects.

In biology, adaptation is the process by which an organism changesto become better suited to survive in their environment. It canalso refer to a physical or genetic trait that helps an organism tobe better suited to survive in their environment. For example, polar bears are adapted to living in the cold becausethey grow thick fur that keeps them warm, and thus allows them tosurvive in their frigid environment. The color of their fur is alsoan adaptation. Because the environment they live in is mostlywhite, they have produced white fur to blend in, so they are notseen by the prey they hunt. Adaptation is powered by natural selection. When a trait arisesthat allows an organism to better adapt to their environment, itwill be passed on to the next

At first when I started college, I was on the path to become a biologist. I wanted to get more experience in the field, so I asked my advisor, Doctor Amanda Gunn, if there was had any opportunities for me to get hands-on experience in my field. She said she was studying Aeromonas Salmonicida, a bacterium that causes diseases in salmon. She wanted me to use bioinformatics tools to learn about its ability to infect salmon. The goal was to determine if certain aspects of the bacterium could be modified or “genetically engineered” so the salmon’s immune system would be able to respond more efficiently. This lead me down the path of bioengineering, a field of study where genetic material is altered for certain characteristics. After completing the

Adaptationism is the belief that the traits seen in organisms are the results of evolution by natural selection. There are different forms of adaptationism and many different definitions as to what an adaptation is, with some believing it is impossible to test a hypothesis about an adaptation at all. This essay will look at a) how to define adaptation b) different forms of adaptationism and c) consider the different methods of testing whether a phenotype is an adaptation.

Pseudogenes main functions was to allow researcher to study the mutation rates and to see the “ancestry” of the past gene expression. It has allowed researchers to date important phenotypic changes in evolution.

The human genome project is something that I have been very interested with ever since first learning of it. I had heard bits and pieces of what it is about, but my interest was greatly stimulated by Dr. Whited in basic genetics 311 last spring. The discussion that we had regarding the project left me with several ideas and questions about not only the process and ethics involved, but the future of the study of genetics as a whole.

The information that scientists have gathered can be viewed as a set of inheritable instructions for the function of a person's development. People still use the tools scientists made during the Human Genome Project to extend their efforts for characterizing all of the genomes of many different organisms. Its used a lot in biological research for mice, fruit flies and flatworms. Not only did they increase the materials scientists can use, they also provided new advanced methods for understanding and organizing information that came from the Human Genome Project for scientists and other people. The DNA the scientist used for the project came from volunteers whose identity was kept a secret. They provided the scientist with samples of DNA for sequencing. This gave them more than enough DNA to sort through and gather information