Controversy Raised Over Section 12 Essay

[The educator] Shall not on the basis of race, color, creed, sex, national origin, marital status, political or religious beliefs, family, social or cultural background, or sexual orientation, unfairly:

All children aged 5-16 are entitled to a free place at a state school and most families take up this place. Schools across England are funded and managed in different ways and will vary depending on the age of the child.

. No one can be refused his or her right to education, but this does not mean they can attend the school of their choice.

This ruling primarily concerned the schools responsibility to “maximize” student achievement and was more focused on the level of services provided rather than the exclusion of benefits due to lack of benefit. (United States Court Of Appeals, 1989) The Rowley case ultimately provided a basic “floor of opportunity” and with regard to handicapped children specifically states that … "[t]he Act requires special educational services for children 'regardless of the severity of their handicap,"' … and "[t]he Act requires participating States to educate a wide spectrum of handicapped children, from the marginally hearing-impaired to the profoundly retarded and palsied…” (United States Court Of Appeals, 1989) Although Robert Walczak and Karen Walczak V. Florida Union Free School District and Maureen Flaherty produced a ruling that a child should be placed in a program that provides for educational advancement it does not prescribe that a child must show ability to advance before services are rendered.

Acting on the recommendations of the 1987 Black Report, the British government brought in the 1988 Education Act. Parents were treated as if they were customers and pupils became both clients and products. What is important about the act is that it involved increased state control over the content of education. The act brought; the introduction of the National Curriculum, with achievement targets set for all pupils aged 7, 11, 14 and 16, Schools being allowed to opt out of local Education Authority (LEA) control if the majority of the parents voting in a ballot wished to do so, the financial management of schools was switched from the LEA to the boards of governors and City Technology Colleges were introduced.

In the UK it is law for anyone aged 5-18 be in education. Children and young people are entitled to free full time education available from 5-18 years old. Being in education is compulsory but school is not, you can go to state or independent school or be home schooled. In the UK free education for 3-4 year olds is available but is not compulsory, it is for the parents who decide they want there children in education at that age. In Northern Ireland education is compulsory from the age of 4. The Education and Skills Act 2008 changed in 2015 meaning that young people must continue education until they are 18. This can be at sixth form, college, apprenticeships or traineeships. Education is provided by both state and private sectors. Some parents

The law will not tolerate any breeches in the policies set out. Any breeches will be regarded as misconduct except for serious offences as discrimination, bullying or victimisation will be treated as misconduct and may lead to disciplinary action including dismissal from employment without notice.

Mental illness in this manner is the belief that such illnesses can be identified and classified (As in the DSM & ICD)

4. The Court believes that segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race has deprive

In Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) the United States Supreme Court upheld racial segregation of passengers in railroad coaches as required by Louisiana law. Three years later the Supreme Court was asked to review its first school case dealing with equal treatment of school children. In Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education (1899) the court found that the temporary cessation of services for minority high-school children did not violate equal protection even though services continued at the high-school for Caucasian children. The Court reasoned that the closing of the school was based on economic considerations, and was not found to represent bad faith or an abuse of discretion. The court concluded that although all must share the burdens and receive the benefits of taxation, school finance was a matter belonging to the states and federal interference without a clear and unmistakable disregard for constitutional rights would be inappropriate (Cambron-McCabe, McCarthy, & Thomas, 2004).

It's Elementary takes a look as to whether or not gay issues should be discussed in schools and how such issues should be treated. Its not often that adults get the chance to hear what children think about homosexuality. When asked to respond to the discussion the school children responded in a frank and earnest manner, some especially in the younger grades with an instinctual sense of fairness and democracy towards homosexuals, particularly those facing adversity. Unlike opposing teachers and parents who thought discussion would expose alternative lifestyles and encourage homosexual sex, the children in the video were far more interested in name-calling, non-traditional families, and gay/lesbian stereotypes. The film also focused on how

What the Brown decision provided was a means to challenge the meaning of, “separate but equal”, as it applied to public schooling opportunities for students with disabilities (Blanchett, Mumford, & Beachum, 2005). Before and after Brown, students with disabilities were not necessarily educated in public schools as there were no laws that mandated this. For the most part disabled students were educated in facilities that were separate from the “regular” school setting.

Supreme Court decided in Plyler v. Doe that the equal protection provision of the Constitution's 14th Amendment requires public schools to admit illegal alien children, on the presumption that denial of public education to children whose parents brought them illegally to the United States is not a rational response to states' concerns about illegal immigration. 1 The opinion, however, was based on specific circumstances that could change and it did not apply to education beyond mandatory public schooling (qtd. in Stewart, par. 8).

Robert’s rights to inclusion is reinforced by the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (2001) which gave Robert the right to attend mainstream school and to be educated alongside his peer (Thomas and Vaughan, 2005). The Act strengthened further the Disability Discrimination Act (1995) which makes discrimination again Robert unlawful. The United Nation Convention on the Right of the Child Article 23, highlights that a child with a disability should have effective access to and receive an education ( Jones , 2004) Tassoni (2003) underlined that The Children Act (1989) spelled out the idea that all children have rights. It required protecting all children, but also highlighting the needs and rights of vulnerable children. As with Robert, he is a child in need and as such the school and LEA has legal duties to make sure that Robert is achieving within society.

4. Give three examples of subsystems not operating in the context of IT. Why are these considered subsystems and not systems?