Conventional Drug Delivery Systems ( Ddss )

There are several types of medication, each has a purpose and function needed for their administration via the different routes.

There are various types of materials and equipment required to deliver medications via different routes examples of which are: patches for drug absorption i.e. in hormone replacement which can be placed in the most direct location, needles for subcutaneous injection i.e. in insulin dependant diabetes to allow the transfer of insulin into the body. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feed tubes for people with issues swallowing or with sever reflux to allow liquid food and medications to be administered whilst bypassing the throat and gullet.

The route of drug administration chosen might be dependent on a person's age because of its variants on the effects of the drugs used on them. For example, a child usually has a hard time swallowing pills so they instead would drink their medicine, it is one of those factors that would lead us to alternatives. It is the same for pregnant women and the elderly that have different effects on them, so they would have different routes of drugs.

Kainic, Jenna. "Microbots: Using Nanotechnology In Medicine." Yale Scientific. Yale Scientific Magazine, 5 Feb. 2014. Web. 26 Apr. 2016.

Notwithstanding this, dosage forms or pharmaceutical kits/packages that embody a fixed dosage regime that do not involve “any professional decision-making have been accepted as patentable” (Abbvie, at para. 112]; CIPO).

Sturmeny (2009) notes that clinical formulation is also known as case formulation as a fundamental skill for all clinical professionals in the mental health field. The primary purpose of the formulation is to assess the patient’s problem from a varied perspective and time span that helps in the diagnosis and treatment plan for the patient. The predisposing factors determine the vulnerabilities the patient is prone to; the precipitating factors evaluate the stress factors; perpetuating factors assess the maintaining factors while the predictive factors as the positive and the negative prognostic features of the problem (Fernando, 2010). The table below indicates the clinical formulation for Luis.

Although consumers might find this concept 'hard to swallow', it is basically an upgrade of the intrusive wearable technology we already are accustomed to. In my opinion, the advantages of this technology are innumerable and the scope of progress is boundless. Time is a critical factor in diagnosing and curing life-threatening diseases and these pills can help remove the human and logistical

Another possibility is the process of disguising medically active molecules with lipophilic molecules that allow it to better sneak through the bbb, this is known as the pro-drug method. Another idea similar to the pro-drug method is peptide masking which masks the drugs chemical composition by masking a peptide's (a compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain) Characteristics by combining with other molecular groups that are more likely to pass through the bbb. An example of this is using a cholesteryl molecule instead of cholesterol that serves to conceal the water soluble characteristics of the drug. One of the most promising drug delivery systems is using nanoparticle delivery systems. These are systems where the drug is bound to a nanoparticle capable of traversing the bbb. The most promising compound for the nanoparticles is Human Serum Albumin (the most abundant protein in human blood plasma). The main benefits of this are that particles made of HSA are well tolerated and do not have any serious sided

To bring pain relief and lower stress levels during labor, systemic medications are an option for mothers who want to still be alert while delivering their baby but would like help controlling the pain they are experiencing.

The route of drug administration can depend on a patient's age because if your are elderly or a child they are more susceptible to the effects of medication and may require a lower dose. In elderly patients they take a wide variety of medication so its important to know every drug they take when administering new drugs. It could change the drug they were given if it has side effects from other drugs they are currently taking. In infants or children they can't swallow pills so they would be given a drug in liquid form. It is important to check the order the doctor prescribed and ask question if you have and concerns so no mistakes are

Additionally, numerous respondents provided reasons for diluting medications that may not be clinically necessary. Several respondents suggested it was safer to dilute all medications before IV push administration so that the drugs are always administered slowly, thus enabling more careful patient monitoring. Others felt there was no way to know how the patient would respond to a medication or if it would cause discomfort, so it was best to dilute all medications. Multiple respondents also reported the oft-unnecessary practice of withdrawing a medication from a vial or prefilled syringe then further diluting the medication in a larger syringe size or diameter if patients have an implanted port or a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). Some vascular access devices require lower

The conventional suppositories have problems related to the release of the drug. They take a long time to melt and release the drug leading to delayed therapeutic effects. Also, the suppositories have a reduced bioavailability and this is due to the unpredictable or incomplete absorption of the drug in the rectum. Furthermore, conventional suppositories have a poor retention in the lower rectum. This causes the suppository to migrate to the upper rectum making it more susceptible to first pass metabolism hence reducing

Pharmaceutical formulations are effective in the treatment of human and animal disease conditions (Thiele-Bruhn and Beck, 2005) but, they are now widely prevalent in the environment due to their persistence and biological activity. Prescription (branded and non-branded) and over-the-counter medications are the major classifications of pharmaceutical products available to the United States population. Generally, the molecular weights of therapeutic medicines may range from 200 to 500 / 1000 Dalton. Currently, there is insufficient information on the total global administration of pharmaceuticals to humans and animals. Despite the unavailability of data, sales in 2004 alone totaled $518 billion (Kümmerer, 2009). An increase to about $1.2 trillion by 2016 is expected due to the influence of merging markets, biologics and generics (IMS Health, 2012). Consequently, increased production, sales and ingestion of pharmaceutical chemicals (PHCs) may translate to higher pharmaceutical residues transported into surface waters. Typically, an ingested pharmaceutical substance is metabolized and a part expelled possibly in different forms to wastewater storage areas, septic systems / lagoons, etc. Notably, the removal of PHCs during conventional wastewater treatments is inefficient because of the nature of these chemicals (Zuehlke et al., 2004; Daughton, 2007).

Based on United State Pharmacopeia, pastes are defined as semisolid dosage forms that contain one or more drug substances intended for topical application. (Pharmaceutical Dosage Form, 2009) Pastes are also intended for application to oral cavity or mucous membranes besides the skin. Pastes are usually prepared from fats, fatty oils, petrolatum, paraffin, waxes, glycerin or water by mixing homogeneously powdered drug with the foregoing materials as bases. (General Requirements for Pharmaceutical Preparation) There are two classes of paste which are fatty pastes and non-greasy pastes which is made from single phase aqueous gel.

Lipid based delivery systems which are composed of both liposomes and emulsions are called biphasic systems. Biphasic vesicle systems provide several advantages as a topical carrier system such as have multichamber structure allow encapsulation and co-encapsulation of various therapeutics of different weight range with different solubilities. Biphasic systems are evaluated for many vaccine candidates including proteins, nucleotides, recombinant subunits and classical old inactivated or killed vaccines and now became applicable to purposes in human as well as in animals [150,148,149]. Baca-Estrada et al., [150] has shown topical delivery of hen egg lysozyme (HEL) and leukotoxin antigens in biphasic delivery system induce strong Th-2 cellular response and induce secretion of IgG1 antibody response. Foldveri et al., [151] formulated biphasic delivery system of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and shown that it delivered significant quantities of pDNA into the viable layers of human skin in vitro and induce 5 times higher anti-IgD levels compared with naked DNA alone and secrete IL-4 by cells and induce cellular immune response. Babiuk et al., [152] demonstrated that topical delivery of plasmid in biphasic lipid delivery system results to induce cellular and humoral response. Transcutaneous immunization induces Th-2 whereas intradermal administration induces Th-1 type cellular immune response.