Conversion Of Alcohols To Alkyl Halides Lab Report

Once inverted, built-up gas was released by turning the stopcock to its opened and closed positions. This was repeated for about four times in one minute intervals. Then the layers were allowed to settle until a separation between liquids could be observed. Due to the low density of the product, the top layer was to be extracted. The bottom layer was carefully and slowly extracted out of the separatory funnel.

Distillation is a method of separating two volatile chemicals on the basis of their differing boiling points. During this lab, students were given 30 mL of an unknown solution containing two colorless chemicals. Because the chemicals may have had a relatively close boiling point, we had to employ a fractional distillation over a simple distillation. By adding a fractionating column between the boiling flask and the condenser, we were able to separate the liquids more efficiently due to the fact that more volatile liquids tend to push towards the top of the fractionating column, thereby leaving the liquid with the lower boiling point towards the bottom. After obtaining the distillates, we utilized a gas chromatograph in order to analyze the volatile substances in the gas phase and determine their composition percentage of the initial solution. Overall, through this lab we were able to enhance our knowledge on the practical utilization of chemical theories, and thus also demonstrated technical fluency involving the equipment.

Possible experimental error would be that some condensation was still on the sides of each distiller, and even when shaken, not all it would flow down. This could have impacted results, but this would only affect results slightly because there was only a few drops of condensation on the sides. Additionally, methods could be approved upon by having an object make all the condensation the sides to go down, but this would be difficult

Simple distillation can be effective if the different substances have a fifty or more degree distinction in their boiling points. In this generally a boiling flask is used with a thermometer to detect the boiling point of the substances. A condenser is attached that has cold water passing continuously which then leads to another flask that contains the purified liquid. A liquid is boiled into a vapor which is then concentrated back into a liquid form. This process happens to be a very common form of purifying organic liquids. An organic liquid is a compound containing

The results of this experiment follow this to an extent as from Fractions 3-1 the distillate collected had a density as followed: .6857, .5719, .5741 respectively. The sources of error that explains why Fraction 2 contained more ethanol concentration as opposed to less is because it is possible that the pocket or valley of the condenser tube next to the clamp as indicated in figure 1 as “A,” is an area where vapor gas particles of ethanol may have been trapped. If these vapor gas particles were able to be released as the distillate for Fraction 2 was collected, Fraction 2 would have then yielded a slightly higher ethanol concentration than Fraction 1, thus density would have decreased instead of increase.

Distillation is a technique used to purify and separate substances based on the different chemical properties of each substance. By heating the mixture, vaporizing, and condensing the vapor, the resulting substance with lower boiling point can be then collected and analyzed. In this lab two type of distillation were performed the simple and the fractional distillations. In the simple distillation, the resulting vapors immediately go through into the condenser that condenses the compound by cooling it. In the fractional distillation, the fractionating column provides theoretical plates on which the refluxing compound can condenses, re-evaporate, and condenses again. The purpose of this experiment is to compare the efficiency of simple

Alcohol is absorbed straight into the blood stream and through the walls of the small intestine. Once absorbed there are some ways by which the body can get rid of it. For example, through the kidneys and urine, sweat, and some is even breathed out through the lungs (this is how breathalyzers work). However, about 90% of it is broken down by the liver. Additionally, a healthy liver will only get rid of the alcohol contained in a normal sized drink per hour. This means, when you drink more than one glass per hour, alcohol accumulates in the body which pushes your blood alcohol concentration (BAC) higher. Also, the only way to get sober is to give your liver enough time to break down the alcohol in your system.

In this experiment, an unknown mixture was separated using the method of fractional distillation. This was done in order to identify each of the two compounds that the mixture consisted of. The unknown tested in this experiment was Unknown 58. The initial amount of 15.99 g of liquid was used. The weight of the liquid was converted into volume once the two compounds were identified. The volume of the initial liquid was found to be 18.44 mL. Since the original mixture contained the two compound by a 1:1 ratio, each compound had a starting amount of 9.22 mL. This was used to calculate the percent recoveries for both compounds. In the recovery of the compounds, three fractions were taken. The pure compounds were present in the first and third fraction

This experiment needed water, alcohol, and oil. To begin with, obtained a small amount of water into a test tube, then obtained the small amount of oil into the same test, and finally obtained a small amount of oil to the same test tube. Last but not least was to observe the reaction and record the result to the lab notebook. These steps were repeated with the same liquids but different order of liquids were obtained in the test tube.

As the mixture was heated, it began to boil steadily. Also two separate layers were gradually formed and these layers were distinguishable due to the difference in the colour. The top layer started to turn into yellow and the bottom layer light pink. Also as the solution was heated, the vapours of gases were condensed by the condenser and returned into the solution. This was inferred as droplets were observed on the inner surface of the condenser at the site close to the junction between the condenser and the pear shaped flask.

Distillation is the process of separating components from a liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation, utilizing the different volatility of each substance (Wikipedia, Distillation, 2015). It can result in complete separation or partial separation (which increases the concentration of selected components) (Massachusetts, University of, 2015). The two types that were examined in this lab was simple distillation and fractional distillation. Raoult’s Law also plays an important factor in distillation. It states that the partial vapor pressure of each component of an ideal mixture of liquids is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure component multiplied by its mole fraction in the mixture (Perrot, 1994).

Steam distillation actually consists of extracting liquid natural products from aromatic plants, seeds, leaves, bark, flowers, roots and more. The steam passes over the plant and extracts the essential oil. As the mixture evaporates and passes through the condenser, the vapor from the essential oils is chilled collected. It can be considered as a heating and spraying method of extraction. There is two different methods of exercising the distillation: the live steam and the direct method. However, the direct method was the one used during this experiment, where the sample and the water contained in a flask are heated and possibly covered in aluminum foil in order to generate the steam inside to be collected. This distillate now collected contains the oils and water which will be dried and gravity filtered later on using a small amount of anhydrous sodium

In experiment A, Water soluble alcohols are always tested by using the Lucas reagent to differentiate among the primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. Alcohols are soluble in Lucas reagent while their halides are insoluble. Alcohols react with Lucas reagent to form an insoluble alkyl halide. This test depends on the appearance of an alkyl chloride as an insoluble second layer.The formation of alkyl chloride is indicated by the appearance of turbidity in the reaction mixture.The reaction that occurs in the Lucas test is an SN1 nucleophilic substitution which depends on carbocation stability. Only alcohols that can generate stable carbocation intermediates will undergo the reaction. As the reactivity of alcohols with halogen acids is in the order tertiary > secondary > primary, the time required for the appearance of turbidity will be different for primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols which helps to distinguish them from one to another.The tertiary alcohol which is tert-butyl alcohol reacts with Lucas reagent almost immediately to form an alkyl chloride which is insoluble in the aqueous solution.

Heat pump systems can be used to upgrade heat from a lower quality energy source in the condenser to a higher quality energy source in the reboiler. Heat pump-assisted distillation column was first introduced in the mid-1970s [8]. Previously, a number of studies on heat pump-assisted distillation have been reported in the literature. Omideyi et al. [9] developed a quick selection method for vapor compression (VC) heat pump assisted distillation columns. Fonyo and Mizsey [10] simplified the method and included vapor recompression as well as absorption heat pump scheme. Kiss et al. [11] developed selection scheme of energy efficient technologies for binary distillation. Van de bor et al. [12] presented a quick performance map and made selection simpler and more suitable.

Alcohols react with hydrogen halides (HCl is used in this experiment) to yield the resultant alkyl halides and water. The insolubility of the alkyl halide in water allows the separation of it from the aqueous layer using a separatory funnel. The alkyl halide, then, were purified