Coronary Antiquilibrium Score

[16] This trial played a critical role in the creation of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in 1985 by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institute of Health. The objective was to educate the general public and medical community about the need to identify and treat high blood cholesterol to decrease CVD risk factors. [17] The adult treatment panel (ATP) was formed from a panel of experts from major medical and health professional associations. The first ATP guideline, deemed ATP-1, was published in 1988 to outline a strategy for primary prevention of CVD. These guidelines were aimed at individuals with a high LDL concentration (>160 mg/dL) or borderline high (130-159 mg/dL) with 2+ risk factors.

Our body naturally produces cholesterol through the liver, we can also obtain cholesterol from consumed products. We need small amounts of cholesterol to produce hormones, bile, and vitamin D. Cholesterol doesn’t dissolve in the bloodstream once it is inside the body. It needs to be carried by two types of lipoproteins called low density lipoproteins(LDL) and high density lipoproteins(HDL). The more cholesterol we consume, the more LDL and HDL we produce. HDL is

High cholesterol is a dangerous disease that can lead to many life-threatening ailments, and can be lowered by eating healthy, while maintaining a balanced diet of leveled cholesterol. Cholesterol, the sleek-fat like substance that roams in the blood of a body. It is vital to life, but when there is too much intake of cholesterol, it can cause the body to malfunction and cause problems. There are two types of cholesterol HDL and LDL, which varies in the amount of protein and cholesterol it holds Too much cholesterol in a body is dangerous, and surprisingly, has no symptoms. The two main types of cholesterol are HDL and LDL, HDL helps reduce the chances of chronic heart disease, whereas LDL is the main reason for plaque build-up in artery

Coronary CTA represents a source of ionizing radiation from medical exposure. A cross-sectional, international, multicenter, observational study revealed that radiation dosage from a clinically justified single coronary CTA procedure is not something that should be considered as significant risk, but when coronary CTA is to be repeated number of times or when there is lack of clinical justification, the radiation risk is an important issue to consider as benefit-risk ratio may not be weighted towards benefit to the patient (Hausleiter et al.,

HDL, high-density lipoprotein, is sometimes called the ‘good ’cholesterol because “it helps remove LDL cholesterol from the arteries. Experts believe HDL acts as a scavenger, carrying LDL cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver, where it is broken down and passed from the body. One- fourth to one-third of blood cholesterol is carried by HDL. A healthy level of HDL cholesterol may also prevent against heart attack or stroke, while low levels of HDL cholesterol have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease” (http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol).

Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as heart disease, is defined as the “narrowing or blockage of the arteries and vessels that provide oxygen and nutrients to the heart” (Milto, Odle, p.1). The main cause of CAD is an accumulation of fatty materials on the lining of arteries. Once the fatty materials line the inner arteries, it restricts blood flow to the heart. When blood is can no longer long flow to the heart, it causes a heart attack. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in both women and men in the United States. The American Heart Association states that since 1990 deaths caused by the coronary artery disease have decreased, however, “more than 40,000 people still died from this disease in 2000” and about 13

An additional approach that studies have used to measure collateral circulation development is to measure the rate-pressure product in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Increases in rate-pressure product at the beginning of myocardial ischemia have been found and is potentially related to increased myocardial oxygen supply from collateral growth stimulation (Senti et al., 1998). After exercise training, coronary patients have also seen a 29% increase in coronary flow reserve in response to adenosine (Hambrecht et al., 1993). Patients with chronic CAD and impaired LV systolic function who exercised at 60% of peak oxygen uptake 3 times a week for 8 weeks saw a significant increase in mean collateral circulation score and improvements in wall

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the major intracellular site for calcium release and storage in the myocyte. In the heart failure, the movement of calcium ions in and out of the cell is no longer effective. These changes in calcium handling lead to alterations in myocyte contraction and relaxation, which will contribute to worsening diastolic dysfunction in heart failure (Karch, 2013).

High-density lipoprotein or HDL is a good cholesterol. HDL is good for your body because it helps remove cholesterol from the arteries and protects against dangerous blockages (plaques) in the arteries. HDL cholesterol is also less likely than other forms of cholesterol to oxidize and leave sticky plaques on artery walls. HDL particles are more dense than LDL particles, hence the names "high-density" and "low-density" lipoproteins. HDL acts as a cholesterol scavenger, picking up excess cholesterol in the blood and taking it back to the liver, where it's broken down. The higher one's HDL level, the less bad cholesterol in the blood. HDL are small, dense molecules responsible for transporting cholesterol to the liver. Low HDL levels can be

But there is a second type of cholesterol. The good type of cholesterol is called HDL, or high density lipoprotein. This type of cholesterol is also made up of lipids and protein, but in this combination there is more protein than lipid. This type of cholesterol moves quickly through your arteries and blood stream. The HDL cholesterol is beneficial to your body. It helps your stomach and liver, it helps to rebuild bodily systems, and most importantly, it helps to move the slow LDL cholesterol along in your arteries. Having higher levels of HDL cholesterol can actually lead to lower levels of the bad cholesterol. Which in turn will lead to better

650 muscles operate the body. The voluntary Skeletal Muscles are long, slender, multinucleate disks with obvious striations have T-tubules utilizing actin and troponin. All muscles need Ca2+. These aerobic and non-aerobic muscles obtain Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The, intrinsic system, ANS, hormone regulated, voluntary, aerobic muscle of the heart get their Ca2+ from SR and Extra Cellular Fluid(ECF). They utilize the same site of calcium regulation as smooth muscle and contain intercalated disks. Smooth muscle, also voluntary, SR and ECF, aerobic, utilizes calmodulin in the cytosol for its source of Ca2+.

The buildup of plaque will narrow the arteries; this makes it impossible for blood to travel through the vessels properly. This eventually leads to dangerous blood clots and heart attacks. Additionally, many things can affect a person’s cholesterol level. This includes the foods being eaten, being overweight, being inactive, age, and even family history. Cholesterol levels begin to rise after the age of twenty (Pagano, 2009). By being overweight and not keeping active, an individual may lower their HDL (good cholesterol). HDL is good cholesterol and is linked to lowering the risk of heart disease. It helps move cholesterol out of the body. HDL achieves this by binding with cholesterol in the bloodstream and carrying it back to the liver for disposal. LDL is bad cholesterol and is the type to raise the risk of a heart disease. It carries mostly fat and only a small amount of protein from the liver to other parts of the

Therefore, it needs to be transported through the blood stream by carriers, in this case, called lipoproteins. There are two main kind of lipoproteins, the low density lipoproteins (LDL) and the high density lipoproteins (HDL). The types of proteins are characterized as good or bad to the organisms. In this case the LDL is considered the bad cholesterol because it forms hard layers, that can obstruct the arteries and can make them less flexible to function properly. That is why HDL is considered to be beneficial one, since it as the scavenger that helps to remove the cholesterol from the arteries back to liver. Hence, the cells from those with FH show a deficiency in the number of functional LDL receptors, which at the same time cause the overproduction of cholesterol and a reduction in the ability to breakdown the protein in LDL (Rosenson et

Given the example that a patient just received an overdose of Ca +2, this will cause the heart rate to go up dramatically. If sodium ions are introduced, this will help with the influx of calcium ions by balancing everything. Certain drugs that act as calcium channel blockers are extremely useful since they reduce electrical conduction within the heart and inhibit the force of muscle cell

A CAT scan can detect calcium deposits found in atherosclerotic plaque present in the coronary arteries of patients with heart disease. Because technology has advanced greatly, a CAT scan also has the ability to effectively detect coronary calcification from atherosclerosis even before the symptoms begin to advance. If a large amount of coronary calcium is found, this gives a doctor the indication of more coronary atherosclerosis, suggesting a greater likelihood of significant narrowing that is present within in the coronary system and indicating that the patient has a higher risk of potential cardiovascular problems. If calcium is detected within the arteries, the computer will create what is known as a calcium "score". This “score” approximates