Coronary Artery Disease And Cardiovascular System

The cardiovascular system is the process of the heart pumping the blood around the body through blood vessels, arteries, veins and capillaries. The main functions of the system are to transport materials to and from the cells around the body, to assist in temperature, to keep the levels of fluid in the body at the correct level, to distribute heat around the body and to defend the body. This system is the heart, which is a muscle that pumps blood around the body through arteries, veins and capillaries. Blood transports oxygen to the body cells which helps them to metabolise energy in the body. During this process the blood is also getting rid of any waste products of respiration, carbon dioxide and water. Blood also helps to supply heat, hormones, nutrients, salts and urea around the body. The heart is placed in between the lungs which is protected by the rib cage and is the size of a fist.

The circulatory system which is present in the chest consists of heart and blood vessels such as arteries, veins and capillaries (Australian Indigenous Healthinfonet, 2016). The heart being the centre controls the blood circulation throughout the body receives deoxygenated blood through veins which is then converted into or replaced by the oxygenated blood from the lungs and then pumped out by the heart to different organs of the body through arteries. (Australian Indigenous Healthinfonet, 2016). The diseases that affects the normal function and structure of the circulatory system are called cardiovascular diseases (Australian Indigenous Healthinfonet, 2016). It commonly includes diseases such as stroke, coronary or ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy etc. that may be life-threatening ("Department of Health | Cardiovascular disease", 2016).

Coronary artery disease affects the circulatory system. Chemically, this disease develops when blood vessels that are necessary for living become badly damaged. Cholesterol plaques become inflamed in the arteries. The most common signs and symptoms are chest pains which tighten the chest as if someone were standing on it. Shortening of breath also affects those with this disease because the heart is unable to supply enough blood. A major sign of this disease is having a heart attack. This indicates an artery that is completely blocked. This disease is caused by damaging the coronary arteries by smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure or high cholesterol. To diagnose this disease, medical physicians will perform physical exams and examine blood

A sufficient coronary artery blood flow is essential to supply oxygen for normal cardiac activities (Craft, 2014, p. 599). Atherosclerosis is a common form of CHD. It is an inflammation disease when plasma cholesterol is high. Risk factors such as hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking and diabetes increase the risk of endothelium injuries, contributing to the increase in oxidated lipid-lipoprotein (LDL). Foam cell is produced by the increase in the number of macrophages signalled by oxidated LDL. Next, the accumulation of foam cells will cause the formation of fatty streak lesions on arteries walls. Over time, fatty streak lesions migrate to the site and form fibrous plaque due to the increase in smooth muscles and collagen. The thickening and hardening initiated by an accumulation in calcified fibrous plaque caused the blood vessels to narrow. As a result, a decrease in tissue perfusion contributing to the development of myocardial ischemia (Craft, 2014, p. 599; McCance & Huether, 2014, pp. 1145-1147).

Coronary heart disease is one of the leading killers in America. I will later discuss why this is the case, and how the choices of Americans will inflict the ultimate price of death. Aside from bad decisions, the anatomy of where this disease takes place is fragile in regards to bodily malfunctions. The reason it is called coronary heart disease is because it takes place in the coronary arteries. These arteries are what supplies the heart with oxygenated blood. So you can guess that if something goes wrong with these arteries, it could be detrimental for the entire body because the heart pumps blood to the whole body. The right and left coronary arteries branch from the aorta, which is the main supplier of blood to the systemic circuit. The

Cardiac arrest is a grave medical emergency where the heart stops pumping blood throughout the body and can lead to death in minutes. There are currently 30,000 out of hospital cardiac arrest in UK (Perkins, 2016). In coronary artery disease there is a obstruction in the arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the heart. The initial step in coronary artery disease (CAD) is the formation of atherosclerosis. The build up of plaque is called atherosclerosis. CAD is a progressive disease that most commonly presents as angina. The beginning of CAD is thought

Atherosclerosis begins with damage to the inner wall of an artery. Substances in the body such as cholesterol, fats and cellular waste products accumulate inside the damaged area. Chemical reactions occurring within the build-up of these waste products cause cholesterol molecules to oxidize. This initiates an inflammatory response within the body in which the endothelial cells release chemicals. These chemicals are toxic to the body, signaling a call for help. In response to this chemical reaction, monoxides from the bloodstream travel to the affected site. Stimulation from the oxidized cholesterol turns the monoxides into macrophages. As a result, the macrophages change into foam cells, which accumulate over time to form plaque. As the plaque

The cardiovascular system is the system involved with transporting blood throughout the body. This system consists of three interrelated components: the heart, blood and blood vessels. The heart is the pump that circulates the blood throughout the body. Blood is needed to reach body cells to exchange materials with them. The heart pumps the blood through the body’s blood vessels so that I can reach where it is needed. Blood has two components: blood plasma, a watery liquid containing dissolved substances, and formed elements, which are cell fragments and cells (red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets). Blood contributes to homeostasis by transporting nutrients, carbon dioxide, hormones and oxygen, to and from your body’s cells. It

Coronary artery disease (CAD), or heart disease, is the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States. CAD is usually caused by the development of atherosclerosis, the condition in which plaques made up of cholesterol-containing deposits build up in the arteries. When plaque buildup narrows or blocks the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle, there is a decrease in blood flow, oxygen and nutrients to the heart. This decreased blood flow can cause angina pectoris or chest pain, shortness of breath, or a heart attack. CAD weakens the heart muscle and leads to heart failure, in which the heart cannot pump enough blood the way it should to satisfy the body’s demands, or cardiac arrhythmias, in which the heartbeat is irregular.

Injury to the endothelial cells will then decrease production of NO and this will enable the accumulation of lipids. As the build-up progress and permeability decreases, macrophages infiltration and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines occur. The damage caused by oxidation causes a compensatory response which increases the endothelial adhesiveness to leukocytes and platelets via cell adhesion molecule upregulation. Circulating monocytes and leukocytes initially bind cell adhesion molecules on the endothelial surface, but chemokines are required for recruitment into the subendothelial space. Once monocytes enter the subendothelial space, they may mature into macrophages leading to formation of foam cells and then eventually to the appearance of “fatty streaks” in the arteries. As lesion severity progresses into a fibroatheroma, macrophages, T-cells and mast cells penetrate the cap edges and stimulate the production and movement of vascular smooth muscle cells. Vascular smooth muscle cells contribute to plaque growth through producing pro-inflammatory cytokines that attract and activate leukocytes, generate VSMC proliferation, express adhesion molecules that

Coronary artery disease has many names for it, like heart disease, ischemic heart disease, and CAD. CAD or whichever name you call it is the most common disease in the world, it is the most common leading causes of deaths in both men and women; although, it has a higher risk in men than women. CAD develops when the coronary arteries become blocked in the major blood vessels that supply the heart with the blood and oxygen that the heart needs. The blockage or build up in the coronary arteries is caused by plaque which is a fatty deposits of cholesterol. The plaque in arteries are inflammation and it is usually to blame for CAD. However, CAD can take many years or decades to form and effect your heart it’s not like it happens overnight. When

The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and cellular waste products all throughout the body. The cardiovascular systems main power is the heart. There are two main circulatory loops in the human body. The pulmonary circulation loop and the systemic circulation loop. The pulmonary circulation moves deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, where the blood picks up oxygen and returns to the left side of the heart. The pumping chambers of the heart that support the pulmonary circulation loop are the right atrium and right ventricle. The systemic circulation brings very high oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to all of the tissues of the body, except for the heart and lungs. Systemic circulation removes wastes from body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the right side of the heart. The left atrium and left ventricle of the heart are the pumping chambers for the systemic circulation

The cardiovascular system is an organ system that allows blood to circulate and is in charge of transporting oxygen, as well as carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, and cell waste items all over the body (Pironet, et al., 2016). This system helps to regulate body temperature, maintain homeostasis, and fight diseases. The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, blood vessels, blood and plasma of the blood, and cells.

CAD may further lead to other forms of heart diseases like heart attack, heart failure, and arrhythmia. Depending on the severity of the disease, people suffering from CAD may benefit from Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) or Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG). PCI, commonly known as angioplasty is a minimally invasive procedure used to open blocked blood vessels; while

Inflammation can be an indicator of increased oxidative stress, and animal studies have provided powerful evidence to support the role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis, particularly through oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) whose uptake by macrophages is easier compared to non-oxidized lipoproteins [3]. Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol deposits in macrophages in medium and large arteries. This deposition leads to a proliferation of certain cell types within the arterial wall, which gradually affects the vessel lumen and hinders the flow of blood. These early lesions are called “fatty streaks”, (can usually be found in the aorta in the first decade of life, in the coronary arteries in the second decade, and in the cerebral arteries in the third or