Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have examined large groups of people with diabetes susceptibility. One research group that demonstrated the inverse relationship between MLT and insulin (Boden et al., 1996) also observed an association between a disruption in circadian insulin secretion and reduced glucose uptake in first degree relatives of T2D patients (Boden et al., 1999). These researchers hypothesized that disruption to the circadian rhythm of insulin secretion may be an underlying cause for the development of T2D, and also this significant finding in close relatives of T2D patients is particularly relevant to the genetic studies.
Recently, more genetic evidence has come to light, revealing a convincing link between genetic
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MTNR1B locus variants that have been associated with T2D include rs1387153, rs2166706, rs2166706, rs10830962, rs4753426 (all in the 5’ promoter region), rs3781638, rs10830963 (in intron 1), and rs8192552 (in exon 1, resulting in a non-synonymous mutation G24E), all of which result in altered fasting plasma glucose (Prokopenko et al., 2009, Staiger et al., 2008, Lyssenko et al., 2009, Bouatia-Naji et al., 2009, Ronn et al., 2009, Sparso et al., 2009, Langenberg et al., 2009, Reiling et al., 2009, Chambers et al., 2009, Kelliny et al., 2009, Takeuchi et al., 2010, Andersson et al., 2010, Kim et al., 2011, Kan et al., 2010, Huopio et al., 2013, Song et al., 2011, Dietrich et al., 2011, Vlassi et al., 2012, Holzapfel et al., 2011) and rs1387153, rs2166706, and rs10830963 were directly associated with an elevated risk of T2D (Prokopenko et al., 2009, Lyssenko et al., 2009, Bouatia-Naji et al., 2009, Ronn et al., 2009, Sparso et al., 2009, Chambers et al., 2009, Takeuchi et al., 2010, Kim et al., 2011, Kan et al., 2010, (Mao et al., 2012) in both adults and children of different ethnicities. While the mechanisms are not completely understood, these polymorphisms may affect beta cell function in a number of ways, including altering glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, proinsulin conversion, incretin sensitivity and/or secretion (Mussig et al., 2010). The odds ratio for current or future development of T2D was moderate, similar to other genes associated
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is the most common form of diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2012). T2D is so prevalent that it is estimated to be the fifth most common cause of death worldwide (Yates, Jarvis, Troughton, and JaneDavies, 2009, p. 1). T2D manifests when the body is unable to metabolize glucose properly, resulting in elevated blood sugar, debilitating fatigue, and other serious complications such as distal limb amputations, kidney failure, and blindness. The generally accepted causes of T2D include diet, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity.
Diabetes is a complex disease which bonds together evolution and environmental factors and creates many health issues for humans. Diabetes (mellitus) is classified into three groups of metabolic diseases that involves high blood sugar (glucose) and it can occur in different ways depending on circumstances. Type 2 diabetes occurs when cells do not function correctly, and evidently the cells do not properly respond to insulin. Type 1 diabetes involves the body’s inadequate production of insulin, which is commonly referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes. What are the links between evolution, the environment and a staggering number of people diagnosed with diabetes?
As previously mentioned, T2DM is characterised by insulin deficiency and insulin resistance within peripheral tissues such as muscle, liver, and adipose tissues (Mazze, Strock, Simonson, & Bergenstal, 2004, p. 79). It was also noted that other conditions, namely obesity, were recognised to be positively correlated to the progression of T2DM.
Glucose Transporter-1 (GLUT1) Deficiency Syndrome is a relatively novel disorder. Studies highlighting the biological origin and impact of GLUT1 Deficiency have only recently been conducted, the disorder was first described by Dr. De Vivo in 1991 (Aktas et al., 2010; De Vivo, Leary, & Wang, 2002). Although rare, there have been studies conducted highlighting the causes and impact of the syndrome. Wilhelmina Leen, one of the authors of An Analysis of Glucose Transporter 1, collected genetic data from fifty-seven different patients that suffer from GLUT-1 Deficiency Syndrome. Leen as well as her co-authors work have opened new insights into better understanding the source as well as treatments for GLUT1 Deficiency syndrome. However, to
Type two diabetes is the most common disease today, and it has a great impact on the lives of many people in the United States. Type two diabetes results when the body is resistant to insulin or impaired secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells. The pancreas produces too much insulin, but over time it is not able to make an adequate amount of insulin needed in order to move the glucose into the cells. However, there are many factors that lead to type two diabetes. They are known to be genetic, high body weight, previously identified impaired fasting glucose levels or impaired glucose tolerance, family history of diabetes, and history of gestational diabetes or delivery of a baby over 9 pounds. Type two diabetes effects about 90% to 95% of the cases of disease in the US (Hinkle & Cheever, 2013). It's
(2012) suggest that, “genetic ancestry has a significant association with type 2 diabetes above and beyond its association with non-genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes in African Americans, but no single gene with a major effect is sufficient to explain a large portion of the observed population difference in risk of diabetes. and that there is a interplay among specific genetic factors, which may both be associated with overall admixture, leading to the observed ethnic differences in diabetes
Type 2 diabetes results from a combination of genetic and environmental factors (Diabetesaustralia.com.au, (2013). Although diabetes may run in the family, the risk is greatly increased when associated with lifestyle factors such as not enough physical activity, unhealthy diet, high blood pressure, over weight and obesity and extra body weight that is carried around the waste (Diabetesaustralia.com.au, 2013). All these cause the body to be unable to make enough insulin. If beta cells don’t produce enough insulin, or the body doesn’t respond to the insulin that is present, glucose builds up in the blood instead of being absorbed by cells in the body, leading to diabetes (Shuldiner, 2014).
An overview of the proposed sequences of the key pathological features of type 2 diabetes is provided by Dr. Jack Leahy from the University of Vermont College Of Medicine. In his article he addresses the need for continued genetic research since little discovery has been made in this area. He also explains the known environmental causes such as sedentary lifestyles and high fat diets that contribute to type 2 diabetes, changes in lifestyle practices would reduce the incidence of this disease but this is not a practical solution. The best solution according to Dr. Leahy lays in understanding the
The other major cause of type 2 diabetes is genetics. The incidence of the disease is high worldwide and varies between populations because of difference in genetic susceptibility and other modifiable risk factors. Many genes have been targeted
Another article related to the gene theory titled Genetic and Environmental Factors Associated with type two Diabetes and Diabetic Vascular Complications conducted in 2012 by Murea, MA, and Freedman. This study focused on exploring secondary data to find what researchers have found about the relationship between genes and diabetes, and environmental factors and diabetes. This study focused more on type two diabetes and how it relates to vascular complications. It concentrates on how finding the relationship between genes and diabetic can help finding treatment option for the disease prevention or delay in the disease progression (Murea & Freedman, 2012). The authors also review and article that reviewed the literature supporting genetic determinants in the
“If someone has Type 2 Diabetes their pancreas may not produce enough insulin or their cells resist the effects of insulin, and in extreme cases it may be a combination of both”. (AuthorSTREAM) Currently there are about 29.1 million people in the United States that have diabetes; 8.1 million of whom may be undiagnosed and/or unaware of their condition. For adults twenty years old or older, statistics say one in every ten people suffers from diabetes; in age sixty-five and older, statistics say that figure rises to more than one in four.
The health problems linked to T2DM are largely diversified. Within AAC and African immigrants, there is a similar genetic tendency with a higher than normal level of Impaired Glucose Tolerance, which is equivalent to a primary phase of diabetes. As fact, research states that “Investigations of the genetic variation-underlying risk of T2D in African-Americans yield results that often support the existence of conserved biological pathways.” (PNC, 2017). Moreover, the obesity is another risk factor along with lifestyles such as lack of exercise and unbalanced diet. The symptoms of T2DM can be easily distinguishable; therefore, people with T2DM are incredibly thirsty, and they may have other symptoms including, dry mouth, blurred vision, frequent urination, headaches, increased hunger, gain weight, fatigue…etc. All symptoms of the disease show that T2DM do not start suddenly, but when the preliminary phase is neglected, the T2DM becomes chronic, leading hyperglycemia, hypertension, kidney disease, nervous system disease, amputation, heart disease and stroke, to name just a few. Another aspect of risk factors are the lack of health insurance because of poverty of a large group within the community and lack of adequate resources as
The human body is genetically engineered to be one of the most complex systems on earth. To paint a simple image, picture a grandfather clock, when put together correctly with all the parts needed, it works in perfect synchronization. The complexity of the human body is far grand to the grandfather clock, but in the same way when everything needed is in place, the synchronization of the body’s functions is impeccable. However, it is well known that to maintain a grand clock functioning, proper care must be taken. The human body is known to be vulnerable to numerous pathologies with varying underlying causes. One of these is Diabetes Mellitus, a condition in which the body ineffectively regulates sugars flowing through the blood. Although
DIABETES IS A MALADAPTATION, NOT A DISEASE Speculations about the evolutionary origins of the global diabetes and obesity epidemic could help provide new and meaningful insights into the development and management of the disease. The ‘evolutionary mismatch’ theory suggests that when environmental change outpaces the weeding out of maladaptive traits by natural selection, genes that were originally selected for the benefits they conferred on the survival and reproduction of an organism become maladaptive (in the modern environment). (3) This article explores the idea of Type 2 diabetes being a classic case of mismatch, with diabetes causing genes being maladapted to the modern obesogenic environment; the different evolutionary theories and
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that "occurs when the body is unable to produce or respond to insulin, a hormone that allows blood glucose to enter the cells of the body and generate the body's energy" (Ebony, 115). Diabetes is a disease that affects approximately 3% of the world' population. In American alone, 10.3 million people report having diabetes, while an estimated 10 million more individuals may have undiagnosed diabetes (Morwessel, 540). The gene for diabetes is located in the HLA region on chromosome 6, and the most probable organization of the responsible gene is on a 19-kb region of INS-IGF2, which affects HLA-DR4 IDDM susceptibility. Diabetes Mellitus, was first diagnosed in the year 1000 BC, by the