Correlation Between Smoking And Parkinson's Disease

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the internment of Japanese Americans on the West coast of the United States. On going tension between the United States and Japan rose in the 1930’s due to Japan’s increasing power and because of this tension the bombing at Pearl Harbor occurred. This event then led the United States to join World War II. However it was the Executive Order of 9066 that officially led to the internment of Japanese Americans. Japanese Americans, some legal and illegal residents, were moved into internment camps between 1942-1946. The internment of Japanese Americans affected not only these citizens but the

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder, concomitant with neuronal loss predominantly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and inclusions comprising of the synaptic protein, α-synuclein (α-syn). Recent developments have advanced our understanding on the multitude of inter-mingled deleterious factors contributing to PD neuropathological aetiologies. These encompass “cell autonomous” processes, for instance, autophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction, and “non-cell autonomous” processes, which embrace trans-synaptic transmission of abnormal proteins and neuro-inflammation (Foltynie and Kahan; 2012). Although the “prion-like” nature of pathological α-syn is a theme of intense research

“ The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”

In 1996 Morens and his group reviewed various epidemiological reports associating cigarette smoking and PD(28,43-45). They found variant biases in the 46 articles they reviewed including selective mortality, cause-and-effect, and smoking-associated symptoms. In addition, the authors underlined that the negative association was due to a direct chemical protective effect of smoking. This crucial review provided strong evidence for the hypothesis on the negative association with PD and revealed the need for direct animal studies.

Environmental factors – There is some evidence that presence of toxins and harmful environmental agents may grow the risk of developing Parkinson’s later in life; however the possibility is very less.

Addressing the question of nature vs. nurture, Dr. Sonia Mathur states that “Genetics loads the gun, environment pulls the trigger” (Mathur).

People with this disease have a higher risk of getting dementia which is a decline in intellectual functions including judgment and memory. This disease causes depression and anxiety and some patients also can get hallucinations. Depressions and anxiety usually are a result of the diagnosis and the loss of independence and control in their body. These psychiatric symptoms are also caused by chemical changes in the brain. Parkinson’s effects the brain of the patients significantly the disease is most known for the physical symptoms but it also has a big impact on thinking and the cognitive part of the patient brain. These cognitive symptoms include slowness of thought, forgetfulness of words, and difficulty juggling multiple mental tasks. Parkinson’s disease and the medications used to treat it can also affect how the brain learns. Some Parkinson's drugs can also trigger compulsive behaviors such as pathological gambling or uncontrolled shopping. Parkinson's disease is caused by the death of brain cells that produce dopamine, one of the chemicals that carry messages between neurons. Low dopamine impairs the basal ganglia, which are brain regions that control movement and

“Parkinson’s Disease, or PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder and is caused by degeneration and dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra.” (Corrow, 2013). Although that is the specific definition of Parkinson’s Disease, not all people might understand those terms. When educating patients, it’s important to assess their education level and provide information easily understandable to them. To provide simpler terms, “Parkinson’s is a disease that involves the malfunction and death of vital nerve cells in the brain, typically the basal ganglia within the cerebrum.” (Parkinson Disease Foundation, Inc. 2016). “Some of these dying neurons produce dopamine, a

Parkinson's disesae is an interminable, dynamic neurodegenerative issue with expanded predominance in the maturing populace.

The legalization of marijuana in the United States would drastically reduce crime in our cities and form a more productive society through its positive uses. The United States government is spending millions and millions of dollars each year to enforce petty marijuana crimes and it’s time for this change. Embracing marijuana for personal, medical, and industrial use will encourage economic growth and stability. Associating taxes along with eliminating risk of illegal activity will increase consumer confidence whereas the ease of growing requirements will boost substantial profit. Over the next couple pages I hope to convince you as to why marijuana should be legalized for the many reasons that I will touch on throughout this paper.

Several disease conditions are caused by an excess or deficiency of dopamine, for example, Parkinson’s disease and cardiovascular disease. Patients undergo dopamine therapeutic use through listening to music. (Mandal, 2012) In the medical field, music is used in many ways; Music not only affects the heart rate but also has the ability to reduce anxiety, relieving symptoms of depression and easing pain. (Stuttgart, 2009) A research has shown that cheerful, light-hearted music can promote vascular health, which is a crucial part of the body. (Miller, Beach, & Mangano, 2008) In recent years, music is used to relax, ease stress or alleviate pain before, after and even during surgery. (Steakley, 2012) For example, during a diagnosis of prostate

One mechanism is the aggregation of the misfolded alpha-synuclein proteins, causing the death of the dopaminergic neurons in the brain tissue (Dauer and Przedborski, 2003; Sultana et al. 2011). A second proposed mechanism is mitochondrial dysfunction, causing oxidative stress on the neurons promoting the activation of ROS (reactive oxygen spcies) thus causing apoptosis of the neuronal cells (Dauer and Przedborski, 2003; Zhang et al. 2012). Other mechanisms and links between these two proposed models have been suggested but further research is necessary to determine the direct pathways of neuronal death in PD. The root to the biochemical alteration in the dopaminergic neurons is a mixture of environmental effects and exposures as well as genetic factors. The genetic inheritance of Parkinson’s disease only affects approximately 10% of persons with PD (Shahaduzzaman et al. 2013) and is usually inherited from a direct relative (Elbaz and Tranchant, 2007). Environmental factors such as exposure to pesticides, traumatic brain injury, and age are believed to contribute to the development of PD and pose a possible threat to mutation of the genes involved in PD (Hassan et al. 2015). The multifactor of the involvement of environmental factors as well as genetic factors are believed to attribute for the majority of cases of

Parkinson’s Disease is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system and the symptoms are “motor impairments involving resting tremor, bradykinesia, postural instability, gait difficulty and rigidity” (Beal & Thomas, 2007). The cause of Parkinson’s Disease is still yet to be discovered however there is strong evidence that it is an age-related disease as it is shown to be more frequent in people who are over the age of 50 (Samii, Nutt, & Ransom, 2004). There have been many studies that suggest that exercise can improve the quantity and quality of life for those who are affected by Parkinson’s Disease. This is due to the fact, regular exercise of about 150 minutes per week has many benefits to the health of an individual

Individuals worldwide are affected by Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s is a chronic disorder with onset of symptoms occurring at a mean age of 60 years. The prevalence of Parkinson’s increases with age and may affect up to 5% of individuals over 79 years old. (Tosin, Campos, Andrade, Oliveira, & Santana, 2015). Those affected by the disease, experience impairments in movement, balance, and have difficulty performing everyday life tasks. Due to posture deficits and gait dysfunction, patients with Parkinson’s have an increased risk of falling which may lead to secondary health problems. Although exercise programs have been implemented to decrease falls, few programs are proven successful. (Li, Harmer, Fitzgerald, Eckstrom, Stock, Galver, Maddalozzo, & Batya, 2012). In order to find an effective program in decreasing falls, nurses are performing various rehabilitation interventions that focus on improving postural stability. Two examples of interventions include Qi Gong and Tai Chi. Qi Gong is a mindful exercise that effects neuroplasticity in the brain and can have an effect on the postural instability that Parkinson’s patients experience (Loftus, 2014). Tai Chi is a balance-based exercise that may have an effect on muscle strength and stability for those living with Parkinson’s (Li, et al., 2012). Qi Gong and Tai Chi are two rehabilitation interventions that nurses are implementing to prove whether or not complementary exercise programs improve posture enough to

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder which worsen over time. PD is due to loss and degeneration of dopamine neurone in the brain. This neurone is important to make signalling chemical called dopamine which allow us to make normal movement. Cause for this disease is unknown, or basically acknowledged as idiopathic. However, there are