Correlation Between The Extent Of Lge And Sce

M.G., a “frequent fl ier,” is admitted to the emergency department (ED) with a diagnosis of heart failure

Based off of the case study regarding a 47 year old man who has recently been diagnosed with a heart disease known as CAD; I decided to further my research on this topic because it was intriguing to discover all heart diseases including coronary heart disease are taking the lives of countless individuals each year in our nation. A tremendous number of more than 13 million Americans (2005-2015, WebMD).

Heart failure affects nearly 6 million Americans. It is the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than 65. Roughly 550,000 people are diagnosed with heart failure each year (Emory Healthcare, 2014). Heart failure is a pathologic state where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the demand of the body’s metabolic needs or when the ventricle’s ability to fill is impaired. It is not a disease, but rather a complex clinical syndrome. The symptoms of heart failure come from pulmonary vascular congestion and inadequate perfusion of the systemic circulation. Individuals experience orthopnea,

The patient described in this paper will be referred to as Jonathan Toews to ensure patients confidentiality. Jonathan Toews, is a sixty three year old man, born on August 23rd 1956, and lives with his eldest son. He was married two times and has three children, two children from his first marriage and one from his second. He lives in northern Ontario but originally was not born here, he moved here shortly following his second divorce. He is of Italian decent and is a practicing catholic. The patient weights 95kgs, is 178cm tall and has a body mas index (BMI) of 28.3. He said he used to play soccer when he was younger but since does not keep active or get the recommended amount of daily activity. Jonathan says he smokes around one pack or cigarettes a day and has a alcoholic drink roughly three to four drinks per week, he also describes that he eats fast food a few times a week. The patient now has congestive heart failure as a consequence of his MI. He was transferred from another hospital at the beginning of November and currently is waiting for more testing before he can be discharged from the hospital or moved to another facility. The patient has some known comorbidities that can exacerbate his CHF, this includes smoking, obesity, and noncompliance with medications.

The diagnosis is made when an ejection fraction of less than 40% is found during an echocardiogram test. Patients with known systolic heart failure and current or prior symptoms are Stage C. Most common symptoms include, shortness of breath, fatigue and reduced ability to exercise. Stage D is patients with systolic heart failure and presence of advanced symptoms after receiving optimum medical care. Other risk factors for heart failure are some diabetes medications, sleep apnea, congenital heart defects, viruses, and irregular heartbeats. Heart Failure can be treated and managed but not cured. It is a chronic condition.

“Manual of Clinical Problems in Cardiology : With Annotated Key References” book is written by L. David Hillis in 1980. Hillis has MD degree obtained from Columbia University , New York,

EW was chosen for this study because of his diagnosis of NSTEMI and undergoing a CABG procedure, both of which are common for patients with heart attacks that require invasive interventions, and because of his unique combination of risk factors, mainly low HDL, a history of smoking, and central obesity, as other risk factors such as high LDL levels and physical inactivity were not present in

Based on such several studies the annual incidence of SCD in US is approximately 180,000 – 250,000 cases per year and worldwide it will be 4-5 million cases per year. The study from the Multnomah County, Oregon showed that 5.6% of the annual deaths are due to SCD, with very narrow differences between genders and the use of death-certificate data for study gives an overestimation of problem. This study has also suggested that per year approximately 40% of the SCD include females out of all cardiac death [13]. Straus et al studied 249,126 subjects with the median age of study as 40 years, found that the incidence of SCD in the general Dutch population is around 1 per 1,000 person-years and it increase with age and varies with gender, calendar month, and day of the week [145]

The major one is coronary heart disease, or CHD. Other risk factors include having a personal or family history of SCA or arrhythmias, having had a heart attack or heart failure in the past, and/or abusing drugs or alcohol (“Who Is at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Arrest?”). Additionally, the warning signs of someone who is about to experience SCA with structural-functional or primary electrical disorders might be common. Many times these symptoms are misinterpreted or even disregarded by both family members and medical personnel. Symptoms and warning signs include experiencing dizziness, chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, syncope or fainting, palpitations or no pulse, and dyspnea or labored breathing. Symptoms in athletes, on the other hand, might be nonspecific and confusing because the athletes might overexert themselves until physical exhaustion (Campbell, Berger, and Ackerman

Some people die right on the spot from HCM and there were no signs to show of it beforehand. For example, Gerald Grain was an average high school student in Chicago. He died after a routine long-distance run in gym class in September of 1997. He had no previous diagnostics of any heart disease and lived a normal life…until it ended. Robert Seigal, in ‘Sudden Death of Young Athletes”, writes about many more instances when high school athletes die due to normal physical exertion. Instances like that are reasons why heart doctors and general practitioners try to spread the awareness of “low-lying” conditions like HCM. All people should always educate themselves about their own

An interesting case I attended to involved an elderly man in his 80s who is a non-smoker and non-alcoholic. He looked grayish, pale and sweaty, which is the typical appearance of a cardiac patient. He presented with chest pain that he gave a pain score of 8/10, and which worsened upon inspiration. He also presented with vomiting and shortness of breath. Electrocardiogram (ECG) indicated a ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI). Paramedic believes it was an anterior infarct with elevation in V2, V3, V4 leads and reciprocal depression in Leads II, III and aVF. The patient had several risk factors for heart disease such as high blood pressure, being overweight and living a sedentary lifestyle. He has had chest pain previously, but it was

Myocarditis is a very difficult disease to treat and to properly diagnose. The disease is symptomatic in some patients and asymptomatic in others. Myocarditis is one of the proposed mechanisms of sudden athlete death (SAD). Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in western societies. Myocarditis is an inflammatory heart disease that may be caused by different pathogens and triggers; it is gaining increasing importance because of its links to sudden death syndrome in young athlete, and to dilated cardiomyopathy (Yilmaz et al., 2012). There are many proposed causes of sudden athlete death; one of the primary causes is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). As with any disease we should investigate all factors influencing its pathology including but not limited to: genetic, cultural, and environmental factors. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a heritable disease that is typically passed down as an autosomal dominant trait; only one copy of the dominant allele is required to display the effected phenotype.

2. What are the clinical manifestations of chronic heart failure which are evident with Linda’s case?

The Framingham Heart Study was the first longitudinal cohort study to try to elucidate the etiology and determinants of CVDs, and it’s currently the longest running medical study in the world, celebrating it’s 68 years in 2016. It is in it’s third generation now (grandchildren of the original cohort), and although it’s population is mainly of white European descent, the results were fundamental in understanding the risk factors of CVDs. We recognize the need to know if the results of this study, and its risk estimation module, could be applied to the Lebanese population, since no major comparison study was done before in our country.

As the population ages heart failure is expected to increase exceptionally. About twenty-two percent of men and forty-four percent of women will develop heart failure within six years of having a heart attack. “Thirty years ago patients would have died from their heart attacks!” (Couzens)