Corrosion Is A Major Consideration For The Construction Industry

In order to produce High Performance Concrete, cement which containing as little C3A as possible should be used during manufacture process. This is because the lower amount of C3A, the easier to control the rheology properties on cement. Other than that, the cement-super plasticizer compatibility problems can also be reduced. Finally from strength point of view, this cement should be finally ground and contain an appropriate amount of C3S.

In the hydration reaction of Portland cement, the absolute volume of hydration products formed is less than the total volume of the reacted cement and water. This volume reduction is called the chemical shrinkage. After setting of the cement paste, microstructure of the paste is developed as a result that the paste is not able to change its bulk volume freely; therefore, only a fraction of total chemical shrinkage results in a decrease of its external volume which is known as autogenous shrinkage. While, the rest of total shrinkage presents as an increase of the internal porosity [1].

PC is undoubtedly the most commonly used cement, with most other variations originating from it. There are two phases in the formation process of PC: these being the production and grinding of clinker (Khoon, 1997). For the first process, preparation of the initial compounds is

The rapid development of constructional activities lead to increse in cement usage. The major problem in usage of cement in bulk quanity, that leads to leberation of green house gas (CO2). The CO2 causes to global warming and continues mining and extraction of lime strone leads to unnecessary problems to environment. Therefore researches are concentrates on sustainable materials. In this senariou chemical and mineral admixtures were introduced.

Concrete is known as a construction material which is widely used throughout the entire world. According to the research, concrete contains Portland cement and it is an essential element to concrete (Naik and Moriconi, 2010). This essential element is capable of releasing carbon dioxide significantly. As carbon dioxide is known to be a green house gas, hence it can be said that this type of concrete is damaging the environment. In order to save the environment a new technology is made by which eco – friendly concrete can be made. Such concretes are made of the concrete wastes that are known to be eco – friendly; therefore, the concrete is also eco – friendly. This type of concrete is also known as green

Cement is made from a mixture of limestone, sandstone, ash, chalk, iron, and clay. Researchers discovered the Roman concrete contained aluminum tobermorite, a rare mineral that adds extra strength. Cement was used by plebeians because they were the farmers, craftsmen, laborers, and soldiers of ancient Rome.

First, concrete durable. Concrete is something that will outlive other products up to three times over (“What Makes…”). In addition to durability, concrete is efficient. Concrete can be made with byproducts from power plants, and other aspects of manufacturing. Concrete is primarily made up limestone, the most abundant material on Earth. Above all of this concrete can be recycled. Concrete can be crushed and recycled into another structure or product, reducing the need to mine the limestone for production. Concrete also allows water to pass through which reduces the chance of flash flooding, erosion, and water table depletion as compared to other materials. This is a major check in the sustainability of concrete; the conservation of soil, landscape and ecosystems. Concrete is a very green option when it comes to building

Human activities are impacting the environment by adding more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and this is negative since more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere means unclean air and a hotter Earth. According to the article “Concrete: What is the big deal?” the author informs the reader about concrete by explaining, “In 2011, we used approximately 3.6 million tons of the stuff within the construction industry - the problem being that for every ton of cement produced, one ton (1,000 pounds) of CO2 is also produced.” This demonstrates the negative effect of humans creating concrete. When humans produce concrete, they become responsible for about 4-5% of the Earth’s total CO2 emissions which is caused by humans’ cement production which is within

From the ancient time marble is one of the most important materials used especially for decorative purposes. However its powder has bad effects on the environment, soil, water and health problems. Marble powder is produced from processing plants sawing and polishing of marble blocks. Some factories have water recycling plants containing flocculation tank and filter press unit. About 25% of the processed marble is turn into dust or powder form. About 7,000,000 tons of marble have been produced in the world. Disposal of the marble powder material of the marble industry is one of the environmental problems worldwide today. The refining of some fresh and hardened properties of concrete is successfully and economically achieved by utilizing and

In order to discuss concrete; one must first mention cement. Cement is a water-based binder used to bind other building materials together. It is used in the production of mortar and concrete during the construction process. Concrete is a material used in construction, made by mixing aggregate, cement, small stones and water. Cement is important because it hold structures together. Many sources states concrete was invented 1756 by a British Engineer named John Smeaton. He did so by mixing pebbles as a coarse aggregate into a powdered brick into the cement. Years layer in 1824, a English inventor named Mr Joseph Aspdin created the first true artificial cement by burning ground limestone and clay together. He is also noted for creating today’s popular concrete; Portland cement. Many buildings use concrete because of its strong element. It solidifies then hardens after mixing with water and placement due to the chemical process known as hydration. Water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together, eventually creating a stone-like material. Concrete is used to make pavements, pipe, various structures, foundations, roads, bridges, brick walls and so on. It is either produced site-cast or pre-cast. Site-cast Concrete is standard concrete that is poured into site-specific forms and cured on site; the concrete is created on the actually construction site. Precast concrete is a construction

In the following decades lime and cement injections were the most widely used methods for stabilization of clay. However, hydration starts while water and cement are mixed But when water reaches cement, hydration happens and hydrated calcium silicates (CSH), aluminates (CHA) and lime (Ca(OH)2) would be generated which would and cause a rise in pore water pH. In 1971, [5] found the reactivity of clay minerals with acids and alkalines and afterward the usability of other chemicals other than lime and cement was investigated. Also, for reducing the stabilization costs, replacing cement with low cost waste materials has been studied. Moreover, the effect of portland cement manufacturing on amount of greenhouse released in the atmosphere and consequently, global warming has been another reason for finding a

The history of cement itself goes back thousands of years. The first sign of cement use comes from the Egyptians, with the use of lime as the “calcareous adhesive”, which they burnt and powdered and can be found cementing the pyramids together still. The Greeks were the next to use lime mortar, “prepared much as it is prepared today.” They also found that certain volcanic deposits combined with water gave increased strength and durability to the mortar. This technological advance was copied by the Romans who were able to make an “admirable hydraulic cement” as they saw constructing a building out

Abstract- This study concerns the investigation of concrete produced by partial replacement of cement with corn cob ash (CCA). Corn cob ash was obtained and used to replace cement partially in specified ratios of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Concrete cubes were cast and cured in ages of 7, 14 and 28 days respectively. While concrete beams were cast and cured for 28 days. Compressive strength test was carried out on the cubes and the flexural strength on beam. The results showed that the concrete strength decreased with increasing replacement with the corn cob ash (CCA). The 28 days compressive strength for 5% replacement was 28.78N/mm2, 10% replacement was 26.22N/mm2, 15 % replacement was 22.33N/mm2, 20% replacement was 20.27N/mm2 and 25% replacement was 17.33N/mm2 respectively while its flexural strength for same age for 5% replacement was 9.98N/mm2, 10% replacement was 8.58N/mm2, 15% replacement was 7.82N/mm2, 20% replacement was 6.56N/mm2 and 25% replacement was 5.72N/mm2. The initial and final setting time of OPC-CCA at 10% replacement was observed to be 168minutes and 305minutes respectively. The density of OPC-CCA was also observed to decrease with increasing CCA replacement. The 28 day density for 10% CCA replacement for

The definition of high strength changes over the years as concrete strength used in the field increases. Any construction activity requires several materials such as concrete, steel, brick, stone, glass, clay, mud, wood, and so on. However, the cement concrete remains the main construction material used in construction industries. For its suitability and adaptability with respect to the changing environment, the concrete must be such that it can conserve resources, protect the environment, economize and lead to proper utilization of energy. To achieve this, major emphasis must be laid on the use of wastes and byproducts in cement and concrete used for new constructions. The utilization of recycled aggregate

This report attempts to introduce a innovative material called CO2 Eco-Structure. Compared concrete, it has advantages such as short hardening time, multiple mechanical properties and no water needed in construction. However, it still has disadvantages in producing, one is its uncertain sustainability and another is the possibility of causing exposure to silica. The further improvement of this material can be made to solve the problems related to its disadvantages.