Corticosteroid Therapy

Rheumatoid Arthritis or “RA” is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks its own body tissues. This disease affects the lining of joints causing pain and swelling. Eventually the swelling can lead to bone erosion and joint deformity. RA can happen to anyone at any age, but the majority of people who have to endure this disease are women over the age of 40.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. While inflammation of the tissue around the joints and inflammatory arthritis are characteristic features of rheumatoid arthritis, the disease can also cause inflammation and injury in other organs in the

E. Drugs that block the effect of tumor necrosis factor have not been useful or effective for treating RA patients.

Rhematoid Arthritis – Is an autoimmune disease which can cause chronic inflammation of body`s organs, joints, and the surrounding tissue of the joints. It can

Progression of osteoarthritis involves of three stages. Stage 1 start from cartilage matrix breakdown follow by cartilage fibrillation and erosion. Disease continues to progress to stage three where synovial inflammation started. With inflamed synovial, synovial membrane produced cytokines, particularly inflammatory cytokines and growth factors which both able to diffuse through synovial fluid and enter the cartilage. This will activates pro-inflammatory cytokines (Pelletier et al, 1999).In short, cartilage breakdown or degrade will lead erosion and release pro-inflammatory cytokine which in turn contribute to joint destruction. In an osteoarthritis knee, Examples of pro-inflammatory cytokines are interleukin-1, IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α.

Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA) is the most common type of autoimmune arthritis. RA is a progressive and debilitating musculoskeletal disorder that affects the joints symmetrically, causing a range of systemic effects. What it causes is still not well known; nevertheless, findings of new research points towards a believe that it is triggered by a defective immune system, which causes the release of inflammatory chemicals. These chemicals cause damage to cartilage and bone, usually affecting the wrists, the joints of the hand, including the knuckles, the middle joints of the fingers and feet. While this condition can affect any joints, besides, important body organs such as the eyes and the lungs can also be affected by the inflammation that occurs as a result of this chronic condition. Only in America 1.3 million of people are affected by this ailment, and 75 % of them are mainly women. Its onset usually occurs between fourth and sixth decades; however, RA can occur at any age("Diseases And

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic syndrome that is characterized by inflammation of the peripheral joints, but it may also involve the lungs, heart, blood vessels, and eyes. The prevalence of this autoimmune disease is between 0.3% to 1.5% of the population in the United States (Feinberg, pp 815). It affects women two to three times more often than men, and the onset of RA is usually between 25 and 50 years of age, but it can occur at any age (Reed, pp 584). RA can be diagnosed by establishing the presence of persistent joint pain, swelling in a symmetric distribution, and prolonged morning stiffness. RA usually affects multiple joints, such as the hands, wrists, knees, elbows, feet, shoulders, hips, and small

Corticosteroids mimic the effects of hormones your body produces naturally in your adrenal glands, which sit on top of your kidneys. When prescribed in doses that exceed your body 's usual levels, corticosteroids suppress inflammation. This can reduce the signs and symptoms of inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis and asthma.

Corticosteroids can be used to treat certain types of cancer, skin conditions such as rashes or eczema, asthma, autoimmune diseases

There are two group divisions of cytokines interactions: Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (Lubberts & Berg, 2003). Managing the balances and interaction of these two groups is important for therapeutical reasons (Lubberts & Berg, 2003). One of the most important therapeutic applications has been on how to balance the pathway in the pro-inflammation part of the cytokine interaction in RA. In essence, cytokines like interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-a) control RA pro-inflammation (Lubberts & Berg, 2003). IL-1 is a group of 11 cytokines whom central role is to mediate and regulate the inflammation process, and TNF-a is also an essential protein involve in the systemic inflammation process. In 1992, the Kennedy Institute of

Consequently, more attention has been focused on the long-term adverse effect of the use of the immunosuppressive agents. For instances, corticosteroids have numerous side effects which include "slow wound healing and de novo insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.” (NCBI) It has been found that many

gression of the disease.Corticosteroids can be used as monotherapy or can be used in combination

Rheumatoid Arthritis or (RA) is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joints and connective tissue. The result is inflammation that produces permanent damage in the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic syndrome that tends to be progressive and destructive as compared to Osteoarthritis or (OA), which is more of an age related disease caused by “wear and tear” of the joints. In contrast to (OA), rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by inflammation mostly of the joints, but is a general body disease.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease (McInnes & Schett, 2011; Smolen & Steiner, 2003; O'Dell, 2004) wherein the immune response of the body is aberrant, tagging the healthy cells of the body as non-self or foreign which therefore leads the body to attack and eliminate its own tissues. RA affects the synovial joints and is characterized by joint inflammation and the tissues surrounding it (Curtis, Gaffo, & Saag, 2006). Moreover, around millions of the Earth’s population are diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (Bingham & Ruffing, 2016). Patients detected to have this disease experience pain, stiffness or swelling in their joints (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, nd; Drane, Berry, Bieri, McFarlane, & Brooks, 1997; Bellamy,

ATCH take control to allow the middle and inner parts of adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids. This hormone helps to promote the breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids, which are taken up by the liver from the bloodstream. The liver will break down these excess amino acids to glucose, which enter the blood. Furthermore, glucocorticoids are also promoted the metabolism of fatty acids rather than carbohydrates. The glucocorticoids also counteract the inflammatory response that leads to pain and swelling of joints in arthritis and bursitis. The administration of cortisone aids these conditions because it reduces inflammation. Very high levels of glucocorticoids in the blood to suppress the body’s defense system, including the inflammatory response that occurs at infection sites. Cortisone and other glucocorticoids can relieve swelling and pain from inflammation, but by suppressing pain and immunity,