Costs The Irish Sheep Industry

Germs causing impetigo can invade normal skin, but can also take advantage of skin that has already been damaged by cuts or grazes, insect bites, head lice, scabies, cold sores, or eczema.

The meat industry today is not what it was nearly a century ago. While improvements are thought to have been made, an ever changing society has brought upon new problems that have been piled on to the previously existing ones. While these problems are not like those found in The Jungle, they do parallel how by exposing what is going on in the meat industry; new regulations would be the answer to the noted problems. The increased demand for meat has made it a rushed mutated production instead of a means to raise livestock for consumers. Taking into consideration the demand for cheap meat that will be used for in quick and high demanded products such as frozen and fast food, this demand of meat has greatly skyrocketed. Animals whose sole

Twenty American Quarter Horse geldings, aged between four and eight years and weighing ideally 1,000 to 1,300 pounds, shall be used. All horses should ideally be non-athletes that were previously kept as pleasure riding horses. The horses will be completely evaluated clinically and ultrasonongraphically by veterinarians blinded to the study before the experiment to ensure that there are no preexisting health conditions to hinder healing, or any history or signs of previous injuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon. All horses will be placed in individual stalls and paddocks and adapted to their new daily routines for thirty days before the start of the experiment to allow acclimation. Any horses that obtain injury or disease during the course of the study will be removed from the study group to reduce confounding and returned to their provider.

through a break in otherwise healthy skin – such as a cut, insect bite or other injury – this is known as primary impetigo

The elevated levels of cortisol that occur as a result of PPID are believed to contribute to the insensitivity of stimulation and the resistance of laminitis. When the cortisol is secreted by the pituitary gland it interferes with the lamellar perfusing, causing a vasoconstrictive response in the equine digital arteries to the catecholamines. Also a cortisol excess results in “ protein catabolism in the skin, connective tissue, bone and skeletal muscle, impaired wound healing, muscle atrophy derived data are pointing to the fact that inflammation leads a pivotal role in laminitis” (Johnson). Some experts also believe that stress can lead to a horse becoming laminitic because of the increased cortisol secretion that occurs due to stress. Since Laminitis is so incredibly painful for the horses and ponies affected it causes them to experience extreme stress, which in turn causes a dramatic spike in cortisol levels

In this paper, various things will be explained about Legg-Calves Perthes (LCPD). Things like signs and symptoms, the neurological pain pathway, diagnosis and treatment, and the comparison to a normal hip.

First scientifically reported in 1977, equine metritis is a sexually-transmitted infection capable of rapid transmission throughout a herd of the horse species (Timoney, 1996). The underlying bacterial cause of this infection is Taylorella equigenitalis; this is a gram-negative, microaerophilic, coccobacillus bacterium with specific conditions for cultivation (Timoney, 1996; Powell, 1978). The bacterium is not a free-living organism; it must remain within or on the host animal to survive (Timoney, 1996). Therefore, the microbe must be transferred between hosts to subsist.

Breeding sheep are raised for reproduction. The ram and ewes are usually penned together from September through early November. In this time frame, the hope is that each ewe will cycle and get bred by the ram. One ram can breed multiple ewes in the same time frame. When the ewes are bred, they have a five month gestation period. As a result of the breeding time, lambing season ranges from February to April. Market sheep are born from breeding sheep. The owner may have decided that they would not need another ram or ewe for the next year's sheep herd. Market sheep are raised to be sold when they have reached their prime. Local market sheep are frequently sold in late August. At this time, the wethers and ewes weigh anywhere from 130 to 170 pounds. Sheep are most commonly purchased by the pound. In recent years, market sheep have sold for around one dollar and fifty cents per pound. Buyers either choose to continue feeding the sheep for a while longer, or take it to a place to be turned into meat. Farmers raise sheep with specific end goals in mind which determine if their are breeding or market

There are many biomechanical actions that happen over very short times during equine locomotion that make gait analysis difficult to evaluate using normal diagnostic tools (Clayton, 1993).

The horse foot is a unique and complex organ comprised of several components, each performing specific functions that work together and complement the group as a whole unit. The horse’s foot is much like a mechanical model that serves to suspend, support and move the horse. An intricate balance and equilibrium

Navicular syndrome, or navicular disease, is a hoof problem in horses. Navicular syndrome is a degenerating bone disease that causes lameness in the horse. It deteriorates the navicular bone as well as the surrounding tissues. Navicular generally occurs on the front feet and happens when horses are between the age of eight and twelve. Navicular can lead to significant and even disabling lameness (“Navicular Problems: Symptoms and Treatment).

(Armstrong et al, 2005). As discussed above the application of mulesing raises significant welfare and ethical issues as seen by the public whereas scientific evaluation conflict this perception. These conflicts are reduced through the application of pain relieving medication such as; ‘Trisulphen’. Also the use of mulesing has provided a valuable contribution to the improvement of the Australian economy, as a significant proportion of the international trade system is dependant on the wool and sheep production. As justified the implementation of alternative methodologies such as genetics and chemical intervention have proven to be biologically and economically non-viable. Alternately the application of mulesing has proven to be beneficial economically for the production system, biologically for the sheep and the long term influence of the secondary impact; thus as justified above mulesing is currently the most viable option for sheep and wool

Dieses like Tetanus are one of the challenges that sheep and goat producers have. This disease is usually related to docking and castrating by elastrator bands, though any wound can harbor the tetanus organism. Treatment consists of the tetanus anti-serum and antibiotics. It is usually unrewarding. Tetanus can be prevented by vaccinating pregnant ewes 30 days before lambing. If pregnant ewes were not vaccinated for tetanus, the tetanus anti-toxin can be administered to lambs at the time of docking and/or castrating. The tetanus anti-toxin provides immediate short-term immunity and can be used at the time of docking and castrating to prevent disease outbreaks. Footrot is one of the most economically devastating diseases in the sheep industry.

The calving process can form the onset of the laminitis, lameness signs often appear 2-4 weeks after calving. Lameness is usually recognized too late, small, stiff, careful steps is often observed, but not seen as lameness. When lameness due to laminitis is not recognized it is called sub clinical laminitis. Chronic laminitis describes visible deformity of the hoof wall, whitening of areas of the foot, or stress rings, which occurs months after acute or sub-acute laminitis, without lameness. A common cause that leads up to laminitis is rumen acidosis caused by a rapid production and absorption of acids from the rumen when cattle consume a high intake of carbohydrates in a short amount of time. What you feed cattle can greatly effect there hoof health, any metabolic disruption will effect the lamina in the hoof causing the capillaries beneath the lamina to vasoconstriction, which causes the lack of blood flow to the hoof, which in turn will cause tissue death. There is no true effective treatment for laminitis. The key is prevention, nutrition around calving is difficult, it is important to ensure that cows consume sufficient feed, quality is also

The potential threat of a foreign animal disease is always at the back of an agricultural livestock producer 's mind because it could possibly be devastating both economically and environmentally. The disease has the potential to wipe out a large percentage of the livestock animal population, thus affecting the way the US uses the land that supports food animal production. The possibility of an outbreak of Foot and Mouth Disease is a big area of interest because of the ramifications the disease would have on the United States, but it would also be a great threat to any FMD free country. This disease is a highly infectious, viral disease of cloven-hoofed species. The tell-tale signs of