Cranberry Bogs

See Table 1 and Flow Chart 1 for results of Bacteria # 1 and Table 2 and Flow Chart 2 for results of Bacteria # 2.

Often scientists work with bacteria that do not come in a labeled test tube— for example, bacterial samples taken from infected human tissue or from the soil—and the scientist must then identify the unknown microorganism in order to understand what behavior to expect from the organism, for example, a certain type of infection or antibiotic resistance. However, because of the relatively few forms of bacteria compared to animals and because of the lack of bacterial fossil records due to their asexually reproductive nature, the taxonomy used to classify animals cannot be applied to bacteria (Brown 275). In order to classify unknown bacteria, a variety of physiological and metabolic tests are available to narrow a sample down from the fathomless number of possibilities into a more manageable range. Once these tests have been performed, the researcher can consult Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, a systematically arranged and continually updated collection of all known bacteria based on their structure, metabolism, and other attributes.

It is a gram-positive soil organism. Arthrobacter sp. will grow and divide in nutrient- rich soil. They are rod- shaped, tan to yellow in color, and smooth and glossy in colonies. Under normal conditions, they can grow rapidly and divide once every 2-3 hours (Poxleitner, M, et al). This bacterium is tolerant to multiple metals and it is extremely resistant to elevated concentrations of chromate It is also used in the number of carbon sources for growth including glucose, fructose, lactate, succinate, malate and hydrocarbons (Nakatsu, C, et al). In the SEA Phage Project, Arthrobacter sp. would be helping to create more bacteriophage to continue on completing the main objective of this

Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, successfully adapting to diverse environments as well as developing symbiotic relationships with host organisms (Lengeler, Drews, & Schlegel, 1999). Prokaryotes may have both autotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. A cyanobacteria is photosynthetic, commonly called blue-green algae, and may produce toxins (Crayton, 1993). Bacteria are most commonly associated in the general

Actinobacteria belong to a diverse group of freshwater and terrestrial microorganisms. Although common, the metabolism and genetics of numerous actinobacteria species are not well understood. The Traxler lab seeks to characterize and define actinobacterial behavior, specifically in terrestrial environments by employing a variety of methods. One approach studies the behavior of Streptomyces coelicolor, a model soil-dwelling actinobacteria, to examine the genetic control of cell fate. Since the genes involved in creating cell structures like vegetative mycelia, aerial mycelia, and spores are not well defined, the Traxler lab seeks to understand how S. coelicolor regulates its gene expression to achieve these complex morphologies. In addition

Ralstonia solanacearum has been classified in numerous genera since it was first described (E.F. Smith, 1896). Although Thomas J. Burrill was probably the first to isolate the bacterium in 1890, E.F. Smith was the first to publish a scientific description and classify it in the genus Bacillus as B. solanacearum in 1896 (E.F. Smith, 1896, 1907; Kelman, 1953). However, afterward it was moved to the genus Bacterium, and to the genus, Pseudomonas with the name of P. solanacearum (Kelman, 1953), temporarily reclassified in the genera Phytomonas and Xanthomonas and eventually transferred back to the genus Pseudomonas in 1948 (Kelman, 1953). In 1992 it was placed in the genus Burkholderia (Yabuuchi et al., 1992). But, more recent phylogenetic and polyphasic phenotypic analyses pointed out that it would rather be accommodated in the newly

The bacteria that was contained within Unknown tube #12 is believed to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Figure 1. The bacteria tested to be Gram Stain negative, producing a pink, red color retained from the staining process. When the species of bacteria was plated on nutrient media, the cells produced an irregular and spreading configuration as shown in Figure 2. This same plating test provided the margins and elevation, lobate and hilly, respectively. The specimen was stabbed in a Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM) tube using an inoculated loop of the bacteria. The results of this experimentation indicate the type of oxygen requirement of the bacteria. The test found the bacteria to be aerobic as colonies of the bacteria began to form along the top of the FTM tube (Manual 2017).

The very first time, Zopf was described the genus Rhodococcus in 1981 and then redefined in 1977 to accommodate a number of strains that resembled but did not belong to the genera Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium and Nocardia.1, 2 Thereafter, considerable changes were made to the classification of the genus. Some species have been combined, some reclassified in new genera and new species have also been described.1 at present there are over 40 species classified under the genus Rhodococcus.3-4

Arthrobacter is a dominant genus of bacteria found in soil from all over the world. Several species are even found in places as inhospitable as the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica (Zeglin et al. 2009). This presence in habitats all across the world is made possible because of the extreme adaptability of their genomes to a wide range of environmental conditions (Mongodin et al. 2006). Species that are members of this genus are commonly gram positive, obligate aerobes. Arthrobacter species are also chemoorganotrophs and have an oxidative metabolism (Holt et al. 1994).

Of the thirty-three antibiotic producers found, only twenty-four were tested in the gram staining. There were nine bacteria that were somehow lost during the course of the experiment. In addition, only eight of the thirty three antibiotic producers were able to be sequenced. This result can be explained due to the 16s rRNA gene not being successfully enhanced through the PCR. Another inconsistency shown in the data was the prevalence of gram negative bacteria among the bacteria sequenced, which contradicts O.Connell and indicates that there were possibly significant experimental errors. Finally, the antibiotics tested against the ESKAPE pathogens indicated that none were effective, contradicting the data found when we initially tested all of the bacteria. This could result from there not being enough antibiotics plated in the test, meaning that the antibiotic would need to be present in significant quantities to function properly. Overall these results indicate that our hypothesis was not correct and that the experiment would need to be run again with different bacteria or the experiment would need to be revised to possibly find better

Composition and/or function changing in gut microbiota has been associated with a number of chronic disease such as colon cancer, colitis, irritated bowel syndrome, diabetes, obesity and atherosclerosis (1-5). Akkermansia muciniphila is a gram negative, strictly anaerobic, oval-shaped bacteria (6). Characteristics of this bacteria are obligate chemo-organotroph, non-motile, ability to growth on gastric mucin, sensitive to ampicillin, and able to use mucin as carbon, nitrogen and energy source (6). C+G content of DNA is 47.6 mol% (6). Phylogenetic tree based on 16srRNA gene demonstrated that Akkermansia is associated to the genera Verrucomicrobium and Prosthecobacter (6). This bacteria is a new genus that belongs to the division Verrucomicrobia

These are gram positive bacteria which are found in acidic condition of pH 4 to 4.5 – acidophilic.

This microscopic biome is characterized by its bacterial diversity and density. Studies have shown that bacteria cell count to be higher in the microfilm than the average 106 cells per ml of sea water (Cole 1982). Some examples of associated bacterium genera include Pseudomonas and Acnromobacter, both Gram-negative, aerobic, and have been distinguished as human pathogens in patients with conditions that suppress their immune system (Watanabe et. al,

For over two decades, amplification and sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA or 16S rRNA) gene has been the primary approach to assess the abundance and taxonomic identity of microbes in the

Study on soil beneficial microorganism is a useful study due to the high involvement of the microorganisms in the biochemical processes. Rhizosphere-associated bacteria have the highest potential in biotechnological application. Even though there are as much as 8 million microorganisms in 1 gram of soil, only approximately 1% is able to be cultured in standard laboratory practices. It is now possible to study the non-culturable microbial communities with the help of the advance molecular genomic tool, but the proc and cons of each method should be analysed before choosing which method to