Cranial Nerve

The cervical spinal nerve C3-5 innervate the phrenic nerve. These are the lower motor neurons.

• vagus nerves- carry a wide assortment of signals to and from the brain, and they are responsible for a number of instinctive responses in the body.

Since nerves are critical pathways that carry information from the brain to the extremities they are likely to be distributed throughout the entire body. The two types of nerves, motor and sensory perform different functions. Motor nerves perform the function of carrying information from the brain to the organs, muscles, and heart. Whereas the sensory nerves do the work of sending information from the body back to the brain for processing, including pain, touch, taste, temperature and other sensations.

Rebecca Luther 12/10/14 Professor Datta Neuroanatomy Assignment #3 Part A The brain is a complex organ, involving multiple processes and pathways. Laila is able to first guess, and then confirm, that her friends have ordered pizza through a few different processes. The human nervous system plays an essential part in receiving and interpreting all outside stimuli.

Nerves have the main function of transmitting signals between the brain and the body through electrical impulses and neurotransmitters. Through the parasympathetic components of the autonomic nervous system,

Out of the twelve cranial nerves, I picked the optic nerve to research on how it can become damaged. Optic nerve damage would be described as any kind of injury or damage to the optic nerve, which is including trauma, inflammation, disease or deterioration. There is another name for optic nerve damage, which is called optic nerve atrophy or optic neuropathy. Optic nerve damage involves vision damage, vision loss, and blindness. Optic nerve damage can result from a various of different things. It can form from Glaucoma, or also known as high blood pressure within the eye, an infection or inflammation, interruption in blood circulation to the optic nerve, cancer, and trauma.

and the coccygeal. The spinal cord has 31 spinal nerves. The spinal nerves are pairs of nerves that

12 pairs of somatic nerves (1 left nerve + 1 right nerve each) that are associated with voluntary control of muscles, and usually supply innervation to structures in the head and neck - the exception being the vagus nerve. They are either afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), or a mixture of the two.

Large, fast-conducting fibres (α and β fibres) inhibit small, multi-synaptic, slow-conducting fibres (C-fibre) at the dorsal horn.13 Gaps were missing within this research due to available research resources; Noordenbos13 was unable to investigate past the spinal cord. This statement was unexplained yet it was a development in pain research. Melzack and Wall2 developed the pain-gate theory based from the research by Noordenbos13. The theory explained what Noordenbos13 was unable to prove; impulses are projected to the brain via the dorsal column, where central processes influence the activity of the gate-control system.2

The nerve consists of two different motor fibers: the somatic motor component and the parasympathetic motor component. The somatic motor component controls the movement of four extrinsic muscles and the parasympathetic motor component controls the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles (McKinley, O'Loughlin, & Bidle, 2017, p. 44). CN III can be divided into two major branches: the superior division and inferior division (Jaffee & Stewart, 2016). The superior branch is composed of motor fibers that innervate the levator palpebrae superioris and the superior

Each individual nerve is made up of: afferent nerves and efferent nerves where afferent nerves transmit impulses towards the nervous system from different parts of the body and efferent nerves transmit impulses away from the nervous system to the different parts of the body. The autonomic nervous system is another type of PNS responsible for involuntary actions like movement of heart, lungs, etc.

There are twelve cranial nerves in total. The olfactory nerve (CN I) and optic nerve (CN II) originate from the cerebrum.

     The brain is aware of its surroundings, via input from the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Cranial nerves with sensory functions allow us to smell and see. Nerves with both motor and sensory functions are responsible for everything from tasting and chewing, to breathing and the heating of your heart. Many of the little things we take for granted are also made possible by cranial nerves.

It originates from the roots of C5 and C6 with variable contribution from C4, at the Erb’s point. The nerve passes across the posterior triangle of the neck deep to trapezius muscle. It then runs along the superior border of the scapula to enter the supraspinous fossa inferior to the superior transverse scapular ligament. Finally the nerve curves around the lateral border of the spine of the scapula reach to the infraspinous fossa.

The nervous system is divided into two major sections: There is the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.