Cranial Structure

During brain development, beginning in the womb into adulthood, all of these cells must be grouped and organized into specific networks, which create the architecture of the brain (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006). The brainstem, the diencephalon, the cortex and the limbic system are the four major parts of the brain. The brain is organized from the inside out, thus, “the lower and most central regions of the brainstem and diencephalon are the simplest” (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006, p. 21) and are also the first to form, therefore, developing first as the child grows and develops (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006). As the brain develops upward and outward, the limbic system becomes more complex and the cortex is the crowning achievement of the brain structure (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006). These four areas of the brain are organized from top to bottom and inside to outside, although these four areas are interconnected, each one controls different functions such as the brainstem controls body temperature, heart rate and blood pressure, as well as respiration. The limbic system and diencephalon control emotional responses that help to guide one’s behavior such as fear, love, joy and anger. The cortex, the top part of the brain, regulates the complex and high functions such as speech, critical thinking, and decision-making (Perry & Szalavitz, 2006). The

The five major divisions of the brain are the telencephalon, the diencephalon, the mesencephalon, the metencephalon, and the myelencephalon. The telencephalon includes the cortex, basal ganglia, and the limbic system which are responsible for performing complex cognitive processing, voluntary movement, and in emotion and learning. The diencephalon is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus and these are responsible for all incoming sensory information to go to the appropriate regions of the cortex for further processing and the hypothalamus is responsible in regulating several vital functions by controlling the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. The mesencephalon includes the tectum, which is composed of the inferior colliculi, and the superior colliculi and these structures are involved with auditory and visual functions. The metencephalon consists of the pons and the cerebellum and their main function is sensorimotor

The brain can be considered the most complex organ in the body and the centrepiece of the nervous system. Although the brain works as a unified whole, neuroscientists have identified areas within it that perform specific functions. This makes the brain interconnected by three different layers: the central core, the limbic system, and the cerebral cortex. All of which contain structures that regulate everyday life and psychological function.

The first layer of the brain is the cortex which covers the top and sides of the brain. This area controls reasoning and language, and this area will be less active when under sedative drugs. The basal ganglia are located underneath the cortex and it is made up of by the striatum. The striatum controls muscle tone and is part of the dopamine pathway which is a potential transport highway for psychoactive drugs. The hypothalamus is at the base of the brain and serves as liaison between the brain and pituitary gland.

The midbrain is located above the pons. The midbrain has an area called the substantia nigra which holds different nuclei. The midbrain is responsible for the body 's movement that is not covered by the cerebellum. The neurotransmitter dopamine, that produced by

• In same position (with the ventral surface downward), make a longitudinal cut along the longitudinal fissure using a scalpel all the way down, and separate the cerebral hemispheres. • Identify the corpus callosum, white and gray matters of the brain, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral ventricle, and pineal gland. • After finishing

the brain and spinal cord. The largest part of the brain consists of the cerebrum and several

The brain is the part of the central nervous system located in the skull. It controls the thoughts and physical actions of a human being. The brain is a soft, shiny, mushroom shaped structure. The brain of an average adult weighs about 3 lb. The brain's surface is covered with many bright red arteries and bluish veins.

Brain is located in the cranial cavity of the bony skull and envelopped in meninges. It constitues the majority of the CNS that is about 98%. The neocortex (cerebral cortex) is the outer layer of the brain that covers the whole brain, not one side or the other. It is a functionally organized wrinkled layer lies outer part of the brain that you see in pictures of the brain with convolutions namely gyri and sulci.

In the human central nervous system, this role is given to the skull, meninges (three protective layers of connective tissue), and the cerebrospinal fluid.

The brain has many parts such as the frontal lobe and the cerebellum, which both play major roles in the Human Brain.My first topic is the parts of the brain and all what it controls,in this topic we will cover the frontal and temporal lobes.We will be covering the cerebellum and its parts inside too.We will talk about how the brain sends nerves from the frontal lobe to your eyes to cry or how your temporal lobes send nerves to your nose to smell.

The brain can be described similar to a vault, where the most important aspect of life is held, knowledge. Human knowledge has grown since the beginning of time, however pieces are still missing on the capabilities of the brain, and are still yet to be discovered. Neurologists are aware that the brain consists of five segments; these divisions consist of the Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Cerebellum, and the Temporal Lobe. Each of these parts work in harmony and has their own specific function, which as a whole controls our person.

The thalamus resembled a coin counter commonly found in a bank. The general shape implied that they only see, hear, and sense what they want to sense. Directly below the thalamus, the lateral hypothalamus was abnormally large and ball shaped, while the hypothalamus as a whole was phallic shaped. Further within the brain, the hippocampus bore a resemblance to a petite goldfish. Finishing with the brain, we studied the occipital lobe. Strangely, this lobe was situated in the front of the brain instead of the rear. The placement didn't allow the optic nerves to cross, so the underclassman experienced life backward. These optic nerves were also only one-third of the thickness of the average upperclassman optic nerve. The decrease in optic nerve pathways led to clouded vision.

It is located anterior to the foramen of Monro. The medial wall is formed by the septum pellucidum, the anterior wall and the roof are formed by the genu of the corpus callosum, and the lateral wall is composed of the head of the caudate nucleus and the rostrum of the corpus callosum. (Waxman, 2010)

     The cranium and the Cranial Meniges surround and protect the brain. The Cranial meninges are continuous with the Spical meninges. Both have the same basic