Creating A Genomic Library Of The Bacteria Aliivibrio Fischeri

See Table 1 and Flow Chart 1 for results of Bacteria # 1 and Table 2 and Flow Chart 2 for results of Bacteria # 2.

The GFP gene is normally isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, allowing it to fluoresce with the absorption of ultraviolet light (Goodsell, 2003). This gene is inserted into a region of a plasmid to be regulated by an operon (Brown, 2011). In the plasmid, GFP is normally repressed but when arabinose is present, it will induce the gene to make enzymes able to digest the arabinose, and once there is no more arabinose,

In the pGLO Bacterial Transformation lab, Escherichia coli is transformed with a gene encoding green fluorescent protein by inserting a plasmid containing the GFP gene, beta-lactamase, and arabinose into the bacterium. Successfully transformed bacteria will grow in the presence of ampicillin and glow a bright green color under ultraviolet light. The sugar arabinose is responsible for switching on the GFP gene in the transformed cells, without it, the gene will not be expressed.

Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, successfully adapting to diverse environments as well as developing symbiotic relationships with host organisms (Lengeler, Drews, & Schlegel, 1999). Prokaryotes may have both autotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. A cyanobacteria is photosynthetic, commonly called blue-green algae, and may produce toxins (Crayton, 1993). Bacteria are most commonly associated in the general

Figure 2. Sample of bacteria from figure 1 was incubated on a Ormerod’s agar plate in a gas pack for 2.5 weeks to isolate phototrophic bacteria. The isolated colonies seen in this figure, are called Rhodospirillaceae and they are why the colonies are a bright red color. The Rhodospirillaceae use the red pigment to harvest light energy.

Within our oceans, lies an intriguing, vital bacterium. That bacterium is called Prochlorococcus Marinus. P. Marinus is a small cyanobacterium cell. This means that the bacterium is able to thrive on sunlight and produce oxygen as a result. Specifically, these organisms are found within the euphotic zones of tropical oceans. This is how the bacterium is able to access sunlight and carbon dioxide and convert it into oxygen. These organisms are very successful because they are extremophiles. This means that P. marinus can survive in extreme conditions. Generally, Prochlorococcus is found to be within a temperate range of 10-33 °C. Some strains of P. marinus are able to thrive in depths with low light.

Bacteria are the natural world 's unsung heroes. They receive bad rep due to the disease causing individuals like tuberculosis but the vast majority of bacteria on Earth are harmless if not beneficial to both the environment and humans. Take for example E. Coli a well known bacteria that lives within our intestines. This particular bacteria makes vitamins that we need in order to stay healthy. In this experiment we analyzed the changes seen in bacteria when adding to differing DNA plasmids; pUC18 and lux. To arrive to the most accurate results possible we had to have the E. Coli bacteria made permeable to the plasmids. So it was prepared with calcium chloride. One group of bacteria was given the pUC18 plasmid, and the other group was given the lux as well as the pUC18 plasmids. We then proceeded to incubate them in different containers. Some had ampicillin where as some had none. This was done in order to observe the effect of pUC18, and lux growth patterns. A control with neither plasmid was used to keep a basis for our experiments. Bacteria that had transformed and taken in the lux plasmid without ampicilin were able to illuminate, and only bacteria that gained the pUC18 were capable of surviving with ampicillin. The results observed reveal how foreign DNA can be adapted to fit into another cell 's DNA even incorporated to be an optimal part of the cell. This process makes it a very viable manner of being able to mass replicate advantageous genes, that would

The bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri forms a highly specific symbiotic relationship with Euprymna scolopes, a species of bobtail squid. V.fischeri will colonize a complex light organ found in the mantle cavity of the bobtail squid and they use the ability to luminesce as a camouflage method to avoid predation. The squid uses bioluminescence to match the down welling moonlight during the night whilst it is active. In return, V.fischeri is provided with a shelter, protection and nutrients (1).

Vibrio fischeri uses quorum sensing to determine when cell density is sufficient to produce light. Light from a single bacterium is not useful so it is more beneficial for many bacteria to luminesce together. Bioluminesence

This regulate luminescence by diffusible molecule called autoinducer. The autoinducer comes from N-acylhomoserine actone (AHL), is has been proven that many gram negative bacteria make AHL molecular signals that comes in different lengths and substation in the third position of the acyl side chain. “Figure 7.20 representative cell-cell communication molecules. Pg. 165 7.5 Microbial Growth in Natural Environments.” Breaks it down how bacteria cell-cell communicaties and

The majority of the ocean waters receive little or no sunlight, yet light is still very important for the animals living in these deep-sea environments. Most deep-sea creatures have adapted to life in near darkness by producing “living light” through a chemical process known as bioluminescence. This ability to create and emit light improves the animal’s chances of survival and is used as camouflage, to communicate, to lure and detect prey, as protection from predators and to attract mates in the darkness of the deep

Creatures of all habitats and ways of life may have the capacity to use this ability. From the bottom of the ocean floor to the plains of the windy desert, the variability of these illuminating creatures knows no bounds. When it comes to earthbound animals, certain Arthropods, Mycetophilid Flies, Centipedes, and Millipedes share this ability with Fireflies, Click Beetles, Glow Worms, Railroad Worms, Quantula Stirata and Annelids. Furthermore, there are also animals with these features found within the ocean. The fish included but not limited to are the Cookiecutter Shark, Anglerfish, Flashlight Fish, Gulper Eel, Black Dragonfish, Cat Shark, Lanternfish, Midshipman Fish, Pineconefish, Viperfish, Marine Hatchetfish, but these aren’t the only marine creatures that retain this ability. Invertebrates such as Cnidarians, Coral, Sea Pens, certain Jellyfish, Ostracods, Copepods, Chaetognaths, Vampire Squid, Clams, Nudibranchs, Cephalopods, Krill, Molluscs, Octopuses, Bolitaenidae, Sepiolida, Teuthida, colossal squid, Mastigoteuthidae, and the sparkling Enope Squid are included in the list of species that possess bioluminescent qualities. Many species of Fungi and Bacteria are found with these illuminating qualities. From the microscopic bacteria, Photorhabdus luminescence to the Colossal Squid, the size and shape of these beings are nearly endless.

People marvel at the colors that organisms are able to emit naturally. Bioluminescence is not as simple as it seems. To people out of the scientific field, bioluminescence is like a natural light show, but to the organisms, it is a way of life. Bioluminescence is not there to make organisms pretty, it is there for the organism to use to its own advantage. In organisms, bioluminescence is used for camouflage, attraction, repulsion, communication, and illumination (webexhibits.org). Bioluminescence for an organism can determine its survival or downfall in its habitat. Learning about the uses of bioluminescence in organisms helps people understand how other organisms live in order to survive. When they understand other lifestyles from organisms, they get a better understanding and respect for the natural world. With the study of bioluminescence, scientists have become more cautious with the natural habitats of deep sea organisms. With a better understanding, people learn more about the organisms living around them and they become more aware of the natural habitats of earth. (Add more reasons to support

The first thing to note is luminescence is a generalized term describing the production of visual light with a lack of radiant heat termed “cold light”. Three main categories describe the types of luminescence (please refer to Table 1); biological, chemical and physical. Bioluminescence is another broad term defining any form of luminescence produced by organisms, predominantly seen in marine species. This phenomena is seen in some species of cephalopods of the Tesuthida (squid) order and many of the members of the

depend on light or other energy taken in by the organism and is just the