Creating Value: Internal and External Factors

The most obvious reason for the difference between the market value of equity and the book value of equity is the inability to record certain intangible assets such as brand value, customer loyalty, and perhaps most importantly, human capital. These intangible assets are likely to provide tremendous earnings growth in the future which determines the company’s market value. Notice also that the company’s choice of conservative accounting policies has the effect of depressing the company’s book value of equity.

Investors often come to believe that a stock is undervalued or overvalued compared to other stocks in its industrial group. To calculate an alternate target price for the current and next fiscal year based on those beliefs, investors can apply the average PE multiple for a company 's industrial group to the average professional analyst 's earnings estimate for the company in those periods. Valuation using the industry 's

A firm’s intrinsic value refers to the true worth of stock in that firm which is calculated on return data and accurate risks. On the other hand, a firm’s current stock price talks about its market price as a whole as perceived by an

Several internal factors can influence the valuation of a company, however, in the subsequent are some factors that will assist management in protecting its shareholders. The first reason is the desire to generate profits for the company, as a profitable firm will attract investors. Secondly, the need to improve the management of a company can lead to valuation as the information can be used to spur growth. Valuation will assist in understanding some of the factors affecting the value of the company such as client relationships, financials, image, technology employees, and marketing. Proper management is implemented after identifying the issues affecting the organization’s value. Thirdly, communicating to the public accurate and current information is essential in attracting investors and maintaining transparency, which builds the company image.

Book Value Per Common Share: measures liquidation at reported amounts by dividing shareholder 's equity applicable to common shares by number of common shares outstanding.

It is important to know the proper technique and method of valuing a company because different people may have different ways of assessing the value; it is also important in understanding the bank’s method of appraising and valuing a company or business

equity per share at year-end was $40. If year-end total debt was $120 million, and no

Financial management is a work plan that details the revenue and expenses of a company. Financial decisions are strategies that achieve the financial objectives of a company that include capital budgeting, capital structure, and working capital management. Modigliani and Miller (1958) received the Nobel Prize in economics for their study of the relationship between capital structure and corporate value, with and without corporate tax. Whether financial management decisions influence firm value is still debated daily because there are plenty of uncertain factors. In this paper, I intend

company’s value. Sales growth also provides some indication of the effectiveness of a firm’s strategy

There are various techniques used to value the organization's financial and business worth. The most common techniques used to value the business are based on accounting and financial principles. The discounted cash flow, Asset based, and relative valuation are useful techniques. The valuations of an organization's worth are performed according to a pre-determined framework best suitable for assessments. Similarly the techniques are not only different in their approach but the results also very on the basis of methodology

Information based on accrual accounting has historically and empirically provided a better indication of a company’s ability to generate cash flows than information gathered under the cash method. If there is not inter-period allocation, then the information is not as meaningful and will result in a mismatching of economic benefits

Correct valuation of real assets can present challenges to financial analysts. Different models can be used to arrive at the closest estimate of value and yet certain issues will always arise.

Most rely on valuation heuristics involving P/E, PEG, and price-to-sales . The simplicity of using heuristic triggers dependence on valuation heuristics as an alternative for the fundamental valuation. P/E, PEG, and price-to-sales need few variables and use simple formulas. Therefore , the estimates are rather perceptive THUS subject to bias. The cause of these biases arise from weak assumption made towards P/E, PEG, and price-to-sales inputs.

Well this is the last Module for the semester and I am very happy that I was able to make it through the whole semester. I look forward to using the information I have learn when writing all 15 modules. So, know I will discuss the last Module 15, which targets the company Family Dollar, which has started to become very popular, because at this store we are able to find everything you need and cheaper compared to the bigger stores like Wal-Mart and Target. So, let me discuss what the book discusses on Market Based Valuation. Because Family Dollar is considered to be a discount store which low and middle-income family are able to find reasonable prices, the funny thing is that even higher income families shop there too realizing the discount they may find themselves. Family Dollar has been able to earn an annual revenue for about $8 billion dollars. Even the revenues have been increasing for the last five years from twenty five percent to about sixty percent. Here we will learn the valuation techniques using market multiplies, not like the valuation techniques introduced in the early chapters. I know sometimes it's hard to understand all these different methods that have been described in the other chapters, but I have been reading it is making it easier to understand them. Again, like I mentioned earlier, I will try to explain what I understand from this chapter.

The methods for valuing companies can be classified in six groups: MAIN VALUATION METHODS BALANCE INCOME MIXED CASH FLOW VALUE OPTIONS SHEET STATEMENT (GOODWILL) DISCOUNTING CREATION .Book value . Multiples Classic Equity cash flow EVA Black and .Adjusted .PER Union of Dividends Economic Scholes . Sales Free cash flow Investment value European profit .Liquidation .P/E EBITDA Accounting Capital cash flow Cash value option value .Other Experts APV added Expand .Substantial multiples Abbreviated CFROI the project value income Delay the others investment Alternative uses 2.1 Balance sheets – Based methods (shareholders’Equity) These methods seek to determine the company’s value by estimating the value of its assets. These are traditionally used methods that consider that a company’s value lies basically in its balance sheet. They determine the value from a static viewpoint, which, therefore, does not take into account the company’s possible future evolution or money’s temporary value. Neither do they take into account other factors that also affect the value such as: the industry’s current situation, human resources or organization problems, contracts, etc. that do not appear in the accounting statements. Some of these methods are the following: Book value, adjusted book value,