Creating an E. Coli Strain to Produce Antivenom Essay example

2. Why do you think Mrs. Garner's students did not become ill, while Ms. Hines' kids did?

Antivenom is an antidote for venom that counters a specific venom or venom type. It is made to treat the venom of snakes, arachnids, scorpions, and poisonous amphibians. Also called antivenin, it is effective on the majority of recipients, but only if it is administered within a small window of opportunity before the venom does too much damage to or outright kills the victim. Antivenom’s manufacturing is similar to a vaccination. A vertebrate,

Assume you’re at home your eating peanut butter and jelly sandwich. You turn on your television, and found out that the peanut butter you were eating was recalled. The new anchor explained that the brand that you consumed had E. coli. The anchor also explained the potential effects of E. coli bacteria. Later that day, you experience severe diarrhea, vomiting, and severe abdominal pain. The first thing that may come to mind is “What caused the E. Coli outbreak?” On the other hand, you may be thinking “Why didn’t the company take any precautions to reduce the potential outbreak? “The above questions are only important when evaluating the food industry. To reduce the food borne illness one follow the safest guidelines to protect public

Introduction    The relatively sudden rise in antibiotic resistance has resulted in the increasing                         pathogenicity of bacterial infection entailing the utilization of novel and more universal                         mechanisms in the development of new treatments. Both NusG and NusE/S10 are                         highlyconservedandplayrolesintranscriptionandtranslation(Werner,2012).Sinceits                           identification as an E.coli transcription elongation factor involved in N protein phage                         lambda transcriptional antitermination in 1992 (Li J., et.al), N­utilization substance G,                       NusG a 20.5 kDa protein has been suggested toactasadirectphysicallinkercoupling                                 transcription and translation (Burmann et al., 2010).

Sodium channels facilitate action potentials which cause contraction through electrical impulses. The newt TTX toxin closes these action potentials to prevent contraction and subsequently prevent movement. Therefore, resistance would involve a change in how the toxin interacts with the sodium channels. What was found was a molecular change in the amino acid building blocks of membrane proteins in the sodium channels created resistance to the binding of TTX. Resistant snakes held one to four amino acid substitutions which induced a specific protein change that allowed for TTX resistance.

Human beings are the most sophisticatedly evolved sentient organisms on the planet. The sheer complexity of the systems that work in cooperation are immaculate, as our adapted functionality and specialised characteristics carry out processes in order to sustain life. But, as we evolve and continue to prosper, diseases further develop, hence creating a never-ending conflict. Advancement in human health against disease is vital for our continuation and enhancement, as we research cutting-edge ideas to combat the very hostile threats that lie in the world of micro-organisms. Society's dependence on medical innovation has never been greater, as recently can be seen the threat of the Ebola virus; causing devastation and calamity as the epidemic

Scorpions are the most ancient predatory class of arthropods that lived on earth for millions of years. There have been more than 1,500 species of scorpions identified worldwide and there are only 25 of them venomous to humans and other organism. Scorpions’ venom has played a critical role in their survival due to its exceptional mixture of component which consists of enzymes, short peptides, simple amino acids and other chemical secreted from the venom glands. These short peptides (30-80 amino acid) are often identified and known as toxins that the scorpion use by means of self-protection against other organisms. In recent decades, both medical and therapeutic fields turn their attention to study scorpions as significant laboratory animals due to their physiological characteristics. The different toxins produced by the venomous scorpions have opened new horizon towards using them to either design specific drugs and antibodies or find alternative tools in identifying a certain disease such as cancer. Although these toxins have different modes of actions and targets, the majority of them affect the nervous system and are classified as neurotoxins because they either alter specific ion channel binding and movement across cell membrane or affect neurotransmitter transmissions in the synaptic cleft. In order to explore closely the different features of these neurotoxins, a toxin called chlorotoxin will be discussed. Chlorotoxin or (CTX) is a type of toxin that is isolated from

When I read this case study, I had initially thought maybe it’s cholera due to the watery diarrhea. After searching up cholera, I found out it was not cholera and some other type of bacterial infection. Then I looked up types of food infections and found nothing so I had to narrow down the search and searched for “bacterial-borne food illnesses.” This led me to most bacterias that caused illnesses from either contaminated food or food that were not properly prepared. On this list I found that Escherichia coli was the suspect, except that the general E.coli bacteria is usually a sorbitol-fermenter and the only exception is one of the strains called “E.coli 0157:H7.” I confirmed this by searching up the sorbitol fermentation and found the sorbitol-MacConkey

Therefore, by studying the modular components of the assembly line, we can add, remove, or edit modules of the assembly line to produce novel antibiotic products. In the papers below, the researchers propose new assembly lines, based off of assembly lines naturally occurring in nature, and study the novel products that are produced. The significance of these papers is that now, we can produce novel polyketide chains for antibiotic use, given that we know the product that we want to synthesize.

Paper Summary: This article is written about the issues regarding E.coli being found in meat that is being sold to consumers in stores nation wide. Each section looks at a different department and what efforts they are making to try and prevent further cases of E.coli in meat products.

Pro-TX II, tarantula venom inhibits Nav 1.7, by targeting the voltage-sensors of Nav 1.7. The venom causes a depolarising shift. However, the limitation to ProTx II being used therapeutically in pain is that it cannot cross the blood-nerve barrier and therefore is unsuccessful in decreasing inflammatory and short term pain

Venom disrupters of acetylcholine neurotransmission generally penetrate the neuromuscular junction, where they interfere with either the production or reception of acetylcholine, or the hydrolysis of acetylcholine after it has achieved its function of neurotransmission; mamba Fasciculins prevent the final stage of this process by binding to acetylcholinesterase and blocking its action on acetylcholine; the result is that after the acetylcholine has transmitted the required stimulus, it continues with the stimulus after it has become inappropriate.

Chapter two of the textbook, Biosecurity and Bioterrorism Containing and Preventing Biological Threats, by Jeffrey R. Ryan, goes into extensive detail on the numerous types of biological threats. One type that is discussed in great detail, in this chapter is Biological Toxins. Pursuing this further, Toxins, as a definition is “potent poisons,” which consist of diverse living organisms, such as Bactria, plants and animals (Ryan 2016, p. 38). Moving on, sometimes people have a misconception of what poisons are and how different ones will affect a person, or livestock. One article highlights all

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever is caused by a virus found in the family of filoviridae, in genus known as ebolavirus. There are currently four known Ebola virus strands that are deadly to humans. The virus is transmitted through bodily fluids so it can be transferred via mucosal surfaces or abrasions on the skin when being in direct contact to an infected person. It is highly pathogenic and causes death in approx. 50 -90% of all known cases. This laboratory and numerous experiments has shown that antigen X1 should be used with adjuvant x2 as together they stimulate the appropriate immune response against Ebola and could be a viable cure for the company.

g. Venom - Venom is the general term referring to any variety of toxins[1] used by certain types of animals that inject it into their victims by the means of a bite, sting or other sharp body feature.[2] Unlike poison, which is ingested or inhaled, venom is usually delivered directly into the lymphatic system, where it acts faster.