Creb Synthesis

It is shown that people that tend to be involved in the use of drugs do so after making a voluntary choice (Heyman, 2009). The major use of drugs for social and non-medical preferences can lead to dependence and further addictions, it is a choice that people tend to make and from that it can lead to wanting it more, do it more with friends and further it becoming an addiction, that then effects the brain and body. When drugs are used in the wrong way they can cause many health issues but some people still tend to refer to drug addiction as a disease. Yes, There has been compelling evidence that addiction is a disease, however the result shown are weak and inconclusive. Results of different brain scans are shown by The National Institute of Drug Abuse (2017) are used to back up that addiction in fact is a disease, however the brain scans used in this research are not symbolic of any abnormal changes. The research by The National Institute of Drug Abuse do point out that changes in an individual’s brain is shown as evidence that addiction is a brain disease, however this argument can be shown as mistaken as changes in many human brains can be seen as not exclusive in addicts, although they can occur when a person is normal (Branch,2011). To top it off the information that is stated by the NIDA however doesn’t show evidence of the behaviour of addicts being involuntary or

The monkey drug trials 1969 was where a big group of monkeys and rats were trained to inject themselves with drugs like alcohol, morphine, cocaine, and amphetamines. The reason they did this study was so they could prove that drugs are addictive and that they have harmful side effects. The type of research they used to conduct this study was the case study method. At first the researchers administered the drugs themselves, but later on, they just left the drugs there and the test subjects injected themselves with the drugs voluntarily. Some of the subjects even started doing the different drugs at the same time. The outcome of this was the test subjects became violent ripping off their own limbs, experience

Is being addicted to drugs just an effect from doing them or is it simply a choice that is made? Drugs have been and still are a part of our world and have been popularized since the 1960s. A drug is a substance which has a psychological effect when ingested into the body. The use of drug addiction can vary depending on the person. For example, it could be out of curiosity, peer pressure, to change their performance around others, reducing stress or depression. In chapter 7 “Rat Park” of Slater’s book Opening Skinner’s Box gives us a brief discussion about figuring how to get people who are hooked on drugs a way out, through the process of using rats in two different experiments. Furthermore, in the article The Likely Cause of Addiction Has Been

Brain chemistry is a detailed system that helps the brain to interact with the chemicals that moves important around the brain. Brain chemistry changes depending on what substance or how much of the substance is used. These changes can indicate signs of the beginning of an addiction over time if the drug use begins to get worst it can lead to dramatic changes in the brains over all chemistry. This example supports the theory of brain change ”‘when we elevated levels of ΔFosB in the NAc, the mice exhibited behaviors that are considered reliable indicators that exposing people to the same conditions would cause addiction: They showed more sensitivity to the drug (responded to doses one-third those required to produce a response in normal animals), self-administered more drug, and displayed greater drive (or craving) for cocaine (they worked two to three times as hard to get the drug) ().” The opposing side stated this as their disagreement “human psychology is simply the reflection of human neurophysiology. Thus, for instance, although the authors claim that their account of addiction is relatively 'skeptical,' and has less explanatory power than that of their opponents, they nevertheless seem to accept at least the possibility of a complete account, which will only come about as a result of 'further advances in biological and psychological science (Foxcroft, L. J.

Genetic factors, such as having a family history of drug abuse, has a major influence on the likelihood that someone will fall into a cycle of drug abuse and addiction (Volkow, 2007; Horvath et al., 2013). From a biological perspective, we address issues by attending to the underlying biological cause. Since we know that addiction can be influenced by chemical changes in the brain, we can combat it and prevent relapse by restoring brain chemistry through the use of medications, such as those that eliminate the pleasurable effects of drugs, and ideally through total abstinence from drugs (Horvath et al.,

Drugs are chemicals that affect the brain by tapping into its communication system and interfering with the way neurons normally send, receive, and process information. Some drugs, such as marijuana and heroin, can activate neurons because their chemical structure mimics that of a natural neurotransmitter. This similarity in structure “fools” receptors and allows the drugs to attach onto and activate the neurons. Although these drugs mimic the brain’s own chemicals, they don’t activate neurons in the same way as a natural neurotransmitter, and they lead to abnormal messages being transmitted through the network.

The misuse of "study drugs" can lead to addiction. In the article “Adderall Abuse Alters Brain, Claims a Young Life," Susan Donaldson James claims that, "Adderall, is a highly addictive drug that works' on the brain like cocaine or methamphetamine" (James 7). This point, which is supported by research shows people that Adderall is as addictive and dangerous as mainstream drugs. If someone takes Adderall without ADHD, they risk addiction because Adderall has the same effects on the brain as cocaine or meth. This argument proves that the addiction of Adderall is as severe as typical drugs. James then claims that "study drugs" trick’s the brain to think that it does not need to make dopamine (James 8). This statement, supported by a research done

The synthesis essay is a comparison with The Crucible, the McCarthy Hearings, the articles: “The House Un-American Activities Committee,” “The Hollywood Blacklist,” and, “Why I Wrote The Crucible.” I worked with two other people on this essay, which made it easier on the workload. I worked on three body paragraphs for the six-page essay. For my first paragraph, I explained the article, "Why O wrote the Crucible." I liked my introduction to this essay which was, "Fear doesn't travel well; just as it can warp judgment, its absence can diminish memory’s truth.” (Miller, “Why I Wrote The Crucible”) Fear is what starts the fire, without lighting the flame." I didn't have a much problem with my first paragraph and nothing was marked off. The next

Many neuroscience research methods could be useful in studying meth addiction. To research the brain activity of meth addicts when exposed to pictures/other stimulus, an EEG could be conducted on addicts. Showing pictures of natural things that release dopamine, such as food, sex, etc., versus showing pictures of drugs and meth, then comparing the brain activity, would be an effective study. This would show the physical effects of using meth and how addicts are not stimulated

Does this prove that addiction is not a conscious decision, but rather a biological disposition that can be affected by the environment? Since addiction varies between species and some love drugs where others hate them, the results in testing on these rats were it heightened their impulsive behavior, which was directly caused by the availability of the substance, lack of stimulation, and the environmental change (Ferland, Zeeb, Yu, Kaur, Taves, Winstanley

I was given the honor to work for the Neisewander Laboratory with Dr. Janet Neisewander, a behavioral neuroscientist who uses animal models to study mechanisms of drug abuse. I was involved weekly in the neuroscience lab. During this time I learned how to perform self-administration of cocaine on Sprague-Dawley rats. Also, I learned the brain anatomy of a rat, executed brain slices, replicated the DNA, performed jugular vein surgeries and took vaginal smears of female rats to determine menstrual cycles. Before graduating with my Bachelor's degree from Arizona State University, my lab team and I created a poster of our results from our female rats on ovarian hormonal status influencing 5-HT1B receptor agonist effects on self-administration

This learner believes that behavior and addiction should be accepted as the same as addiction to substances. Working in a substance abuse recovery program has allowed this learner to understand addiction as a behavior. Many individuals have a substance abuse addiction and issues because of their behavior. They have made a choice to use substances and their behavior has taken over their life. Overall, this learner believes that all addictions are just as important as a substance abuse addiction. In fact, it should not be considered the same type of illness despite of it being a food, sex, or even gambling addiction. However, the addictions have to be treated differently based on the type and the individuals. According Smith (2012), “Developing brain science brain science has set the

Over the past 50 years, scientists have studied the plant Cannabis Sativa. After research, they believe cannabis can lead to schizophrenia. Some may think that cannabis is a causal agent, and others think cannabis is a trigger. Cannabis helps to increases natural levels of dopamine in the body. A natural level of dopamine in the body is regular. However, when too much dopamine is produced then a disorder is brought about. This disorder is called schizophrenia. Therefore, this is why scientists do believe cannabis “causes” schizophrenia.

The disease model: This theory states that an individual who abuses drugs requires medical treatment rather than moral punishment or exhortation. This theory also justifies spending money to research substance abuse in the same way that money is spent to research other diseases. However, usually the term disease is reserved for a state in which we can identify an abnormal biochemical or physical condition. No abnormal biochemical or physical condition has been found in the case of substance addiction, although mounting evidence suggests that some individuals are genetically predisposed to addiction more so than others. Nevertheless, this theory continues to appeal to researchers, and an intensive effort is always being made to identify the physiological “switch” that establishes addiction after exposure to a drug (Lee, 2010).

Substance addiction can hugely impact on a person’s thinking, functioning and behaviour. Whilst depressant drugs such as alcohol and opioids slow down your central nervous system (CNS), stimulants such as cocaine or amphetamine increase the activity of the CNS, leading to higher blood pressure, heart rate and increased alertness. Repeated abuse of the substance leads to tolerance and withdrawal, in turn this leads to the user showing signs of irrational behaviour. Another form of substance abuse is hallucinogens; they can cause powerful changes in sensory perceptions. It works by binding to the serotonin receptors, these neurons control visual information and emotions, and this can lead to various effects on the user. Neurobiology can help us understand the reasons for addiction and the effects they have on us. Groman and Jentsch (2012) discuss key issues of differentiating the causes and consequences of addiction through neuroimaging and behavioural research on monkeys, they found that the dysfunction of the dopamine