Criminological Surveys

(Torres, S. 1998) Research indicates that fear of crime, whether self-imposed or realistic, can immobilize individuals, harm the local economy and negatively impact social interactions as well as the quality of life (Albanese, 1990 Skogan (1987) argues that crime victims believe that more crime exists, are worried about victimization and attempt to protect themselves. Parker and Ray (1990) as well as Krannich et al. (1989) revealed victimization to be a predictor related to fear of crime. Additional support for these findings was provided by Smith and Hill (1991), who showed that actual victimization appears to increase fear of crime by increasing the perception of vulnerability. (Torres, S. 1998) Research also shows that fear of crime among minorities and those of lower socioeconomic status is related to their vulnerability in the urban environment (Liska et al., 1982). The elderly who are physically vulnerable and less agile are more fearful of crime even though they are less likely to be victims. (Torres, S. 1998) The proliferation and presence of gangs in the United States is also linked to the concept of social incivilities and increased fear of crime. This problem of fear does not go away. The people not only have a constant fear, it continues to the next generation of people in

The findings on the website show how female offenders have been perceived as less violent offender compared to males (NCJRS). Although, in the past females were perceived to commit minor offenses, but there has been a rise in females committing violent offense (NCJRS). There has also been a rise in the percentage of female offender overall, which younger girls represent a larger proportion of juvenile arrest (NCJRS). The reason for this could be many younger girls are experiencing trauma, abuse, violence, and poverty issues at home. For example, if a younger female leaves in a home and all she sees is her mother and father fight, which could lead her to think that it’s okay. She also gets beaten by her father and her mother never say anything so she might think it’s a way of life. This cause for whenever this younger female gets into a confrontation at school, she automatically leads to violence. The reason why is that’s all she seen growing up. The victimization that the female offender go through cause them to have different needs compared to male offenders. The findings on NCJRS states how due to the different victimization females go through they are more likely to be addicted to drugs and have mental

Collecting crime data is very important to the criminal justice system. It helps in various ways from showing increases of certain crimes in different regions to how often different crimes are committed. There are three major crime data sources in the united states, official statistics, victimization survey data, and self-reported data.

Based on the table Level of Fear Regarding Walking in Neighborhood at Night Alone by Gender ,and the article Fear of Crime and Criminal Victimizations: Gender-Based Contrasts ,and interviews. Women are more than twice as afraid to walk in the neighborhood at night than men are. This information is confirmed by survey results, and further reinforced by other research. I came up with three main points. Women are more afraid of being a victim of some types of crime including sexual assault than men. society's view of gender roles impact how they think about and respond to the threat of crime. Also other factors like where they live, and how much they make a year, someone's education and more factors affect this.

(Conklin p 170). This study uses a research technique that involves repeated observations of the same variables over a few decades. (ADD Health, n.d.).

(4). Using survey techniques that confuse respondents or bias their answers, but not revealing the questions and interview procedure.

My current interest of studying Criminology and Sociology course comes from studying sociology based units within my current Health and Social course. Due to my current course, I have seen there are many aspects within criminology and sociology. From looking at the level of education that an individual has, such as how it can impact on the type of job they have. Which, seeing how education and jobs can be linked with social class. Also, from looking at how the type of social class an individual is from and the amount of income they have can influence the possibility of committing crimes. Moreover, pursuing this joint degree of Criminology and Sociology will provide me with a chance to look more in depth with the two main topics of this course.

To what extent could it be argued that crime is seductive? Throughout this essay I will be discussing contemporary theories that support the idea crime is seductive and contemporary theories that disagree. According to the Oxford Dictionary the definition of ‘Seductive’ is ‘tempting and attractive; enticing’, so is it possible that committing crimes are tempting and enticing? Theories such as Cultural Criminology suggest that crime is indeed seductive because committing crime can provide feelings

and Longmire, 2015). However, determining how to measure ‘fear of crime’ is a point of contention amongst researchers in this as there are varying methods in measuring the construct of Fear of crime (McCrea, Shyy and Stimson, 2005). As discussed by McCrea, Shyy and Stimson (2005), some of the literature limits the measures of ‘fear of crime’ to only include feelings associated with fear of crime, whilst others argue that the measurement should go further and encompass cognitive and behaviour aspects as well. The lack of clarity and uniformity on the measures of this concept result in a lack of consistency due to different interpretations of data amongst researchers.

‘Research suggests that violence arises from interactions among individuals psychosocial development, their neurological and hormonal

As the text says, a criminologist is an individual who studies crime and criminals, while a criminalist is someone who collects and examines evidence in actual crimes. In other words, criminologists use theory and behavioral psychology to understand crimes and criminals, while criminalists are involved with the actual crime scenes and physical evidence of the crimes. These professions depend on each other, as well as other criminal justice professions. Criminologists depend on the data and information collected by criminalists to determine their theories about certain crimes or criminals, and criminalists depend on criminologists on where to look for evidence, and what evidence to collect. Other criminal justice professions use data from both

Throughout history, studies have shown that gender is a top predictor of criminal behavior. Men are more inclined to commit more crime than women. Data from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports show that women tend to have relatively high arrest rates in most of the same crime categories for which men have high arrest rates. Also, female offenders, like male offenders, tend to come from backgrounds marked by poverty, discrimination, poor schooling, and other disadvantages. However, women who commit crime are somewhat more likely than men to have been abused physically, psychologically, or sexually, both in childhood and as adults.

The Journal of Quantitative Criminology distributes papers that are pertinent to the criminology community that explore various criminology subjects. In an effort to improve relations between police and the public whom which they are sworn to protect and serve, Chief of the Rialto (CA) Police Department, Tony Farrar published a scientific study in the Journal of Quantitative Criminology. The field studies performed by Chief Farar and his colleagues Dr. Arial Barak and Dr. Alex Sutherland, both of Cambridge University received international awards, recognition and praise for the abundance of data collected from the effects of body-worn cameras worn by police.

In a paper presented more than eight years ago, Furstenberg made an observation that has proven to be the understatement of the decade for researchers studying the fear of crime: "the relationship between crime and its consequences is neither obvious nor simple."' His observation is no less accurate today than it was eight years ago, despite the fact that our knowledge about the causes and consequences of the fear of crime has increased steadily during the period. Every advance that is made-whether by refining concepts, by specifying and testing relationships, by obtaining more comprehensive data, or by some other meansseems to generate more questions than it answers. But that should be expected; part of the nature of complex social phenomena

Limitations of the research may also include the number of people who may have filled the online interview compared to the associations that are included in the general